Table 2.
Associations of individual Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) with fair or poor self-rated physical and mental health status among parents and adolescents
| ACE | Parents | Adolescents | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Health | Mental Health | Physical Health | Mental Health | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
AOR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
AOR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
|
| Original ACEs | ||||||||
| Emotional abuse | 3.23*** (2.21, 4.74) | 2.66*** (1.76, 4.02) | 3.66*** (2.52, 5.33) | 3.25*** (2.17, 4.86) | 2.26*** (1.57, 3.24) | 1.99** (1.35, 2.94) | 3.39*** (2.46, 4.68) | 2.94*** (2.07, 4.16) |
| Physical abuse | 2.38*** (1.65, 3.42) | 2.11*** (1.42, 3.13) | 2.34*** (1.64, 3.35) | 2.25*** (1.53, 3.30) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sexual abuse | 1.69** (1.18, 2.43) | 1.45 ns (0.98, 2.14) | 2.58*** (1.82, 3.66) | 2.52*** (1.72, 3.67) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Emotional neglect | 1.84** (1.19, 2.85) | 1.82* (1.15, 2.90) | 2.90*** (1.93, 4.35) | 3.17*** (2.06, 4.89) | 2.80*** (1.69, 4.64) | 2.40** (1.38, 4.19) | 9.17*** (5.00, 16.82) | 8.02*** (4.18, 15.39) |
| Physical neglect | 1.43 ns (0.99, 2.07) | 1.16 ns (0.78, 1.74) | 2.18*** (1.54, 3.09) | 2.14*** (1.47, 3.12) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Exposure to IPV | 2.34*** (1.51, 3.61) | 1.79* (1.11, 2.88) | 2.58*** (1.69, 3.94) | 2.24** (1.41, 3.55) | 2.05*** (1.43, 2.94) | 1.99** (1.35, 2.93) | 3.19*** (2.31, 4.41) | 2.87*** (2.02, 4.09) |
| Household substance abuse | 1.51* (1.06, 2.15) | 1.33 ns (0.91, 1.96) | 1.98*** (1.41, 2.78) | 1.87** (1.30, 2.70) | 1.94** (1.29, 2.91) | 1.74* (1.12, 2.71) | 2.26*** (1.58, 3.25) | 2.02*** (1.37, 2.99) |
| Household mental illness | 1.62* (1.12, 2.36) | 1.48 ns (0.99, 2.22) | 2.76*** (1.92, 3.96) | 2.51*** (1.71, 3.68) | 2.36*** (1.64, 3.40) | 2.16*** (1.45, 3.21) | 5.64*** (4.08, 7.79) | 4.79*** (3.37, 6.81) |
| Parental separation or divorce | 1.49* (1.01, 2.20) | 1.33 ns (0.87, 2.02) | 2.02*** (1.40, 2.93) | 1.86** (1.25, 2.76) | 1.90*** (1.34, 2.69) | 1.88** (1.26, 2.81) | 2.15*** (1.58, 2.93) | 2.35*** (1.63, 3.38) |
| Parental trouble with police | 2.04** (1.21, 3.42) | 1.35 ns (0.75, 2.42) | 3.16*** (1.95, 5.12) | 2.35** (1.39, 3.99) | 2.25** (1.40, 3.62) | 1.91* (1.14, 3.19) | 3.19*** (2.06, 4.96) | 3.41*** (2.10, 5.53) |
| Expanded ACEs | ||||||||
| Spanking | 2.15*** (1.52, 3.06) | 2.05*** (1.41, 2.97) | 2.14*** (1.52, 3.00) | 2.10*** (1.46, 3.01) | 1.30 ns (0.92, 1.83) | 1.12 ns (0.77, 1.63) | 1.46* (1.08, 1.96) | 1.34 ns (0.97, 1.85) |
| Parental gambling | 1.96* (1.08, 3.57) | 1.52 ns (0.81, 2.86) | 2.54** (1.44, 4.45) | 2.17* (1.20, 3.92) | 3.14** (1.55, 6.35) | 3.04** (1.46, 6.33) | 3.20** (1.59, 6.43) | 3.30** (1.55, 7.00) |
| Foster care or CPO contacta | 2.48** (1.46, 4.23) | 1.50 ns (0.84, 2.70) | 3.66*** (2.21, 6.04) | 2.50** (1.45, 4.31) | 2.57*** (1.72, 3.83) | 2.19*** (1.41, 3.40) | 2.68***(1.84, 3.90) | 2.41*** (1.58, 3.67) |
| Poverty | 2.04*** (1.42, 2.92) | 1.64* (1.11, 2.42) | 2.14*** (1.51, 3.03) | 1.86** (1.28, 2.71) | 2.42*** (1.68, 3.51) | 1.81** (1.18, 2.79) | 2.48*** (1.77, 3.47) | 2.57*** (1.71, 3.85) |
| Peer victimization | 2.66*** (1.86, 3.81) | 2.67*** (1.83, 3.89) | 2.77*** (1.95, 3.93) | 2.69*** (1.87, 3.88) | 2.01*** (1.41, 2.88) | 1.93** (1.31, 2.83) | 2.51*** (1.83, 3.44) | 2.74*** (1.94, 3.88) |
| Neighbourhood safety | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2.19* (1.08, 4.47) | 1.99 ns (0.92, 4.31) | 4.13*** (2.03, 8.41) | 4.77*** (2.15, 10.57) |
| Confirmed Factors | ||||||||
| Any Child Maltreatment or Peer Victimizationb | 3.04*** (1.77, 5.22) | 2.86*** (1.62, 5.05) | 3.08*** (1.82, 5.22) | 3.19*** (1.81, 5.60) | 2.45*** (1.66, 3.62) | 2.15*** (1.41, 3.26) | 3.14*** (2.27, 4.34) | 3.00***(2.12, 4.26) |
| Any Household Challengec | 2.46*** (1.54, 3.94) | 1.97** (1.20, 3.24) | 3.05*** (1.90, 4.90) | 2.67*** (1.61, 4.44) | 3.60*** 2.24, 5.79 | 2.99*** 1.81, 4.95 | 5.50*** (3.68, 8.22) | 6.09*** (3.88, 9.57) |
a For parents, CPO contact does not include foster care
b The child maltreatment/peer victimization factor differs for parents and adolescents
c The household challenges factor differs for parents and adolescents
Abbreviations: IPV intimate partner violence, CPO child protective organization, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, AOR odds ratio adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and household income (parent-reported household income was included in the adolescent models); NA = not applicable
* < .05; ** < .01; *** < .001; ns = not significant