Table 3.
Neuroplasticity and neuropsychological outcome measures
| Baseline | Week 4 | Condition | Time | Time × Condition | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sham | Active | Sham | Active | F | P | F | P | F | P | |
| Neuroplasticity assessment (m, SEM) | ||||||||||
| PAS: MEP amplitude | 1.24 (0.10) | 1.21 (0.12) | 1.31 (0.09) | 1.40 (0.10) | 0.08 | .780 | 1.63 | .209 | 0.33 | .570 |
| Neuropsychological assessments (m, SEM) | ||||||||||
| CVLT-II: trial 1–5 total recall t-score | 45.7 (2.8) | 48.7 (2.2) | 46.3 (2.3) | 49.7 (2.2) | 2.12 | .148 | 0.12 | .734 | 0.01 | .913 |
| CVLT-II: long delay free recall z-score | −0.41 (0.21) | 0.03 (0.22) | −0.64 (0.22) | −0.38 (0.21) | 2.69 | .104 | 1.85 | .176 | 0.20 | .653 |
| D-KEFS: letter fluency scaled score | 11.2 (0.7) | 11.5 (0.7) | 10.9 (0.7) | 11.9 (0.7) | 0.97 | .327 | 0.01 | .945 | 0.32 | .575 |
| D-KEFS: category fluency scaled score | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.9 (0.8) | 9.8 (0.8) | 11.8 (0.8) | 2.84 | .094 | 0.05 | .828 | 0.80 | .372 |
| D-KEFS: category switching total scaled score | 10.0 (0.6) | 11.1 (0.6) | 9.6 (0.6) | 10.6 (0.6) | 3.36 | .069 | 0.50 | .480 | 0.02 | .888 |
| Ruff 2 and 7: total speed t-score | 47.4 (1.9) | 49.9 (1.9) | 51.3 (1.9) | 53.6 (1.8) | 1.66 | .200 | 3.45 | .066 | 0.01 | .946 |
| Ruff 2 and 7: total accuracy t-score | 49.6 (2.3) | 46.6 (2.4) | 50.4 (2.4) | 48.7 (2.3) | 1.02 | .316 | 0.34 | .561 | 0.08 | .779 |
| SDMT: total correct z-score | −0.31 (0.18) | 0.25 (0.18) | −0.02 (0.19) | 0.41 (0.18) | 7.78 | .006 | 1.32 | .254 | 0.15 | .703 |
| WAIS-IV Digit Span: total correct scaled score | 9.7 (0.5) | 11.5 (0.6) | 10.5 (0.6) | 12.6 (0.5) | 13.00 | <.001 | 2.57 | .112 | 0.12 | .732 |
| CFQ: total score | 50.0 (2.2) | 46.8 (2.3) | 49.9 (2.3) | 50.0 (2.2) | 0.52 | .474 | 0.40 | .528 | 0.57 | .451 |
Abbreviations: CFQ, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; D-KEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; MEP, motor evoked potential; MERM, mixed-effects repeated measures; PAS, paired associative stimulation; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Estimated marginal means and results from MERM analyses during the sham-controlled phase. The neuroplasticity MERM analysis were performed including the following covariates: Maudsley staging parameters total score as a measure of treatment resistance, and antidepressant use. Neuropsychological MERM analyses were performed using MADRS scores as a covariate. Statistically significant P values (< .05) are highlighted in bold.