. 2020 Mar 18;43(5):1048–1056. doi: 10.2337/dc19-2519

Table 3.

Adjusted effect of the five latent classes on health care use, diabetes-related complications from years 2013–2016, and 4-year all-cause mortality

	Class 1^b	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4	Class 5	Wald χ² for class membership
Class label	Younger patients with short T2DM duration and “relatively healthy”	Younger patients with short-to-moderate T2DM duration and moderate disease burden without end-organ complications	Younger females with short-to-moderate T2DM duration and high psychiatric and neurological disease burden	Older patients with moderate T2DM duration and moderate disease burden	Older patients with moderate-to-long T2DM duration, with depression, dementia, and high disease burden with end-organ complications
Total health care use from 2013 to 2016^c
Polyclinic visits	1.00	1.53 (1.49–1.57)^***	1.42 (1.33–1.52)^***	1.53 (1.47–1.59)^***	1.10 (1.06–1.14)^***	2,820^***
Private GP visits	1.00	0.97 (0.92–1.02)^*	1.28 (1.12–1.45)^***	0.91 (0.85–0.98)^**	0.73 (0.68–0.79)^***	10,345^***
SOC visits	1.00	0.97 (0.94–1.00)^*	2.12 (1.97–2.29)^***	1.17 (1.12–1.22)^***	1.41 (1.35–1.47)^***	2,214^***
Emergency department visits	1.00	1.02 (0.98–1.05)^*	3.31 (3.04–3.59)^***	1.53 (1.46–1.61)^***	2.47 (2.35–2.59)^***	6,027^***
Inpatient admissions	1.00	1.05 (1.01–1.09)^**	2.70 (2.45–2.97)^***	1.55 (1.46–1.63)^***	2.82 (2.67–2.98)^***	5,318^***
4-Year risk of diabetes-related complications^d
Myocardial infarction	1.00	2.74 (2.47–3.05)^***	3.68 (3.01–4.50)^***	3.11 (2.79–3.47)^***	12.05(10.82–13.42)^***	8,086^***
End-stage renal disease requiring dialysis	1.00	1.58 (1.33–1.87)^***	1.51 (0.96–2.38)^*	1.95 (1.60–2.38)^***	25.81 (21.75–30.63)^***	41,417^***
Stroke	1.00	2.80 (2.45–3.20)^***	7.45 (6.15–9.03)^***	3.50 (3.06–4.02)^***	19.37 (16.92–22.17)^***	7,468^***
LEA	1.00	0.92 (0.77–1.10)^*	0.85 (0.48–1.49)^*	0.65 (0.52–0.81)^***	12.94 (10.90–15.36)^***	3,187^***
4-Year all-cause mortality^d	1.00	0.92 (0.83–1.01)^*	2.31 (1.94–2.74)^***	1.20 (1.10–1.31)^***	3.47 (3.17–3.80)^***	15,960^***

Data are IRR (95% CI) unless otherwise specified. Models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, CHAS status, and duration of T2DM.

Reference group.

Negative binomial regression analyses were performed.

Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed. HRs reported with 95% CI.

P ≥ 0.05;

^**

P < 0.05;

^***

P < 0.001.