Table 1.
Population characteristics at baseline by age at time of type 2 diabetes onset
| Younger onset (21–44 years) (n = 8,496) | Mid-age onset (45–64 years) (n = 23,641) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 5,336 (62.8) | 12,760 (54.0) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity/race* | <0.0001 | ||
| White | 1,848 (22.5) | 8,821 (38.2) | |
| Latino | 2,864 (34.9) | 5,098 (22.1) | |
| Asian | 2,302 (28.0) | 5,483 (23.7) | |
| Black | 739 (9.0) | 2,413 (10.4) | |
| Other | 454 (5.5) | 1,286 (5.6) | |
| Neighborhood deprivation index (quartiles) | <0.0001 | ||
| 1 (Residing in the least deprived neighborhoods in Northern California) | 1,452 (17.3) | 4,704 (20.2) | |
| 2 | 2,136 (25.4) | 6,649 (28.5) | |
| 3 | 2,543 (30.3) | 6,995 (30.0) | |
| 4 (Residing in the most deprived neighborhoods in Northern California) | 2,270 (27.0) | 4,981 (21.4) | |
| Proficient in English | 7,493 (88.4) | 20,834 (88.3) | <0.0001 |
| Insurance plan type | <0.0001 | ||
| Commercial | 8,045 (94.7) | 22,144 (93.7) | |
| Medicaid/Medicare | 401 (4.8) | 1,342 (5.7) | |
| Other | 50 (0.6) | 155 (0.7) | |
| Index HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 8.9 (2.3) | 8.4 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| Index HbA1c | <0.0001 | ||
| 6.5 to <7% (48 to <53 mmol/mol) | 2,202 (25.9) | 9,241 (39.1) | |
| 7 to <8% (53 to <64 mmol/mol) | 1,852 (21.8) | 5,431 (23.0) | |
| 8 to <9% (64 to <75 mmol/mol) | 887 (10.4) | 2,127 (9.0) | |
| 9 to <10% (75 to <86 mmol/mol) | 842 (9.9) | 1,498 (6.3) | |
| ≥10% (≥86 mmol/mol) | 2,713 (31.9) | 5,344 (22.6) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 36.1 (8.3) | 33.4 (7.1) | <0.0001 |
| BMI strata | <0.0001 | ||
| Underweight/normal (BMI <25 kg/m2) | 408 (5.0) | 1,833 (8.0) | |
| Overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2) | 1,527 (18.5) | 6,155 (27.0) | |
| Obesity class I (BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2) | 2,175 (26.4) | 6,734 (29.5) | |
| Obesity class II (BMI 35–39.9 kg/m2) | 1,736 (21.1) | 4,203 (18.4) | |
| Obesity class III (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) | 2,388 (29.0) | 3,870 (17.0) | |
| Preceding diagnosis of prediabetes | 2,174 (25.6) | 8,011 (33.9) | <0.0001 |
| Depression | 641 (7.5) | 2,081 (8.8) | <0.0001 |
| Heart disease | 93 (1.1) | 1,027 (4.3) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 84 (1.0) | 486 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 2,209 (26.0) | 11,103 (47.0) | <0.0001 |
| Taking hypertension medication | 1,957 (23.0) | 11,050 (46.7) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1,751 (20.6) | 9,121 (38.6) | <0.0001 |
| Taking statin medication | 386 (4.5) | 4,428 (18.7) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 911 (12.5) | 2,267 (11.3) | <0.0001 |
| Any physical activity | 2,848 (50.3) | 7,835 (51.2) | <0.0001 |
| Active on online patient portal | 4,863 (57.2) | 13,134 (55.6) | <0.0001 |
| Empanelment with PCP (years), mean (SD) | 3.9 (3.7) | 5.1 (4.8) | <0.0001 |
| Any visit to the PCP in the prior year | 4,811 (56.6) | 14,683 (62.1) | <0.0001 |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
*
Composite variable was defined by self-reported ethnicity and race, whereby all those responding as having Hispanic ethnicity were categorized as Latino and the remaining individuals were categorized by reported race.