Table 3.
ORs for DPN and CAN per unit change in each baseline or time-dependent covariate in separate longitudinal GEE models, minimally adjusted for age and updated mean HbA1c
| DPN | CAN | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| * | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Design | |||||
| Treatment group (conventional vs. intensive) | B | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | 0.7022 | 1.12 (0.91, 1.38) | 0.2883 |
| Cohort (secondary vs. primary) | B | 2.07 (1.66, 2.57) | <0.0001 | 1.81 (1.49, 2.21) | <0.0001 |
| Physical | |||||
| Sex (men vs. women) | B | 1.51 (1.21, 1.88) | 0.0003 | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) | 0.1164 |
| Adult (≥18 vs. <18 years) | B | 1.05 (0.66, 1.67) | 0.8291 | 0.76 (0.50, 1.16) | 0.1997 |
| Height (per 5 cm) | C | 1.21 (1.14, 1.28) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.1134 |
| Weight (per 5 kg) | C | 1.09 (1.06, 1.13) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.1299 |
| Mean weight (per 5 kg) | M | 1.12 (1.08, 1.17) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 0.2686 |
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | C | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.0612 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.0079 |
| Mean BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | M | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.0090 | 1.03 (1.01, 0.106) | 0.0174 |
| Behavioral | |||||
| Cigarette smoker (yes vs. no) | C | 0.98 (0.75, 1.29) | 0.8932 | 1.39 (1.10, 1.76) | 0.0057 |
| Occasional or regular alcohol use (yes vs. none) | C | 1.14 (0.93, 1.41) | 0.2158 | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) | 0.0462 |
| Moderate or strenuous activity (yes vs. sedentary) | C | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 0.4471 | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.0543 |
| Family history | |||||
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | B | 1.17 (0.94, 1.46) | 0.1514 | 1.25 (1.03, 1.53) | 0.0276 |
| Myocardial infarction (yes vs. no) | B | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 0.1503 | 0.97 (0.80, 1.19) | 0.7897 |
| Type 1 diabetes (yes vs. no) | B | 1.15 (0.83, 1.57) | 0.4048 | 0.95 (0.71, 1.28) | 0.7468 |
| Type 2 diabetes (yes vs. no) | B | 1.22 (0.87, 1.73) | 0.2544 | 1.22 (0.89, 1.66) | 0.2164 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| SBP (per 5 mmHg) | C | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | 0.0003 | 1.09 (1.06, 1.13) | <0.0001 |
| Mean SBP (per 5 mmHg) | M | 1.17 (1.10, 1.24) | <0.0001 | 1.24 (1.17, 1.30) | <0.0001 |
| DBP (per 5 mmHg) | C | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 0.0184 | 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.0462 |
| Mean DBP (per 5 mmHg) | M | 1.21 (1.11, 1.32) | <0.0001 | 1.21 (1.11, 1.31) | <0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure (per 5 mmHg) | C | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 0.0035 | 1.11 (1.07, 1.14) | <0.0001 |
| Pulse rate (per 1 bpm) | C | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.0048 | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) | <0.0001 |
| Mean pulse rate (per 1 bpm) | M | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.06, 1.09) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | C | 2.03 (1.56, 2.64) | <0.0001 | 1.94 (1.61, 2.34) | <0.0001 |
| Medications | |||||
| ACE inhibitor use (yes vs. no) | C | 1.54 (1.20, 1.97) | 0.0008 | 1.51 (1.25, 1.82) | <0.0001 |
| ARB use (yes vs. no) | C | 1.24 (0.87, 1.77) | 0.2438 | 1.45 (1.13, 1.87) | 0.0038 |
| β-Blocker use (yes vs. no) | C | 2.88 (1.79, 4.64) | <0.0001 | 2.77 (1.95, 3.92) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blocker use (yes vs. no) | C | 1.41 (0.88, 2.26) | 0.1524 | 1.70 (1.21, 2.40) | 0.0022 |
| Lipid-lowering agent use (yes vs. no) | C | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | 0.2740 | 1.36 (1.12, 1.65) | 0.0020 |
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | C | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.1607 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.9612 |
| Mean total cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | M | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.4334 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.0027 |
| Triglycerides (per 20% increase mg/dL) | C | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.0054 | 1.07 (104, 1.10) | <0.0001 |
| Mean triglycerides (per 20% increase mg/dL) | M | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) | <0.0001 | 1.14 (1.09, 1.18) | <0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | C | 0.89 (0.83, 0.93) | 0.0034 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.1113 |
| Mean HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | M | 0.88 (0.81, 0.96) | 0.0052 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.2238 |
| LDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | C | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.1804 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.4320 |
| Mean LDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL) | M | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 0.4137 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 0.0719 |
| Hyperlipidemia (yes vs. no) | C | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 0.8568 | 1.27 (1.08, 1.51) | 0.0052 |
| History of diabetes | |||||
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (per 1 year) | B | 1.11 (1.08, 1.13) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) | <0.0001 |
| Stimulated C-peptide (per 1 nmol/L*100) | |||||
| Duration <5 years | B | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.1345 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.7650 |
| Duration ≥5 years | B | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.8726 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.3685 |
| Insulin dose (per 1 unit/kg/day) | C | 1.19 (0.82, 1.73) | 0.3718 | 1.26 (0.99, 1.62) | 0.0648 |
| Mean insulin dose (per 1 unit/kg/day) | M | 2.07 (1.25, 3.43) | 0.0046 | 1.88 (1.18, 3.00) | 0.0083 |
| Kidney disease | |||||
| eGFR (per 5 mL/min/1.73 m2) | C | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) | <0.0001 | 0.92 (0.90, 0.95) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (yes vs. no) | C | 2.56 (1.36, 4.80) | 0.0034 | 5.95 (3.36, 10.52) | <0.0001 |
| Any eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (yes vs. no) | A | 2.44 (1.45, 4.10) | 0.0007 | 3.24 (2.12, 4.99) | <0.0001 |
| AER (per 20% increase mg/24 h) | C | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.0001 |
| Sustained AER ≥30 mg/24 h (yes vs. no) | C | 2.45 (1.89, 3.17) | <0.0001 | 2.36 (1.86, 3.00) | <0.0001 |
| Any sustained AER ≥30 mg/24 h (yes vs. no) | A | 2.50 (1.98, 3.15) | <0.0001 | 2.87 (2.32, 3.53) | <0.0001 |
| AER ≥300 mg/24 h (yes vs. no) | C | 3.81 (2.42, 6.01) | <0.0001 | 3.25 (2.17, 4.87) | <0.0001 |
| Any AER ≥300 mg/24 h (yes vs. no) | A | 4.02 (2.81, 5.75) | <0.0001 | 3.30 (2.36, 4.59) | <0.0001 |
| Hypoglycemia | |||||
| Coma and/or seizure (yes vs. no) | C | 1.09 (0.61, 1.97) | 0.7636 | 1.03 (0.73, 1.45) | 0.8697 |
| Requiring assistance (yes vs. no) | C | 1.36 (0.96, 1.92) | 0.0837 | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.3264 |
Data are based on 1,386 participants with at least two DPN assessments or 1,434 participants with at least two CAN assessments during DCCT/EDIC. ORs and P values were generated using GEE models, adjusting for age and updated mean HbA1c. Triglyceride and AER values were log transformed, and the ORs are presented per 20% increase in the covariate (1.2β). ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.
*
B, baseline value; C, current value; M, updated mean value; A, cumulative incidence (e.g., any use). Covariates classified as C, M, and A enter into the analyses as time-dependent covariates.