Table 4.
Final multivariable GEE models for DPN and CAN as a function of baseline and time-dependent covariates
| DPN | OR (95% CI) | Z-test value | P value |
| Mean HbA1c (per 1%) | 1.63 (1.51, 1.77) | 11.81 | <0.0001 |
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.42 (1.30, 1.55) | 8.05 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (per 1 year) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.13) | 7.66 | <0.0001 |
| Height (per 5 cm) | 1.27 (1.19, 1.35) | 7.31 | <0.0001 |
| Any AER ≥300 mg/24 h (yes vs. no) | 2.44 (1.60, 3.73) | 4.12 | <0.0001 |
| Mean pulse rate (per 1 bpm) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 3.92 | <0.0001 |
| β-Blocker use (yes vs. no) | 2.50 (1.47, 4.24) | 3.38 | 0.0007 |
| Any sustained AER ≥30 mg/24 h (yes vs. no) | 1.48 (1.12, 1.96) | 2.76 | 0.0058 |
| CAN | OR (95% CI) | Z-test value | P value |
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.50 (1.39, 1.62) | 10.43 | <0.0001 |
| Mean HbA1c (per 1%) | 1.27 (1.17, 1.37) | 6.04 | <0.0001 |
| Any sustained AER ≥30 mg/24 h (yes vs. no) | 1.95 (1.57, 2.43) | 5.96 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (per 1 year) | 1.07 (1.05, 1.10) | 5.73 | <0.0001 |
| Mean pulse rate (per 1 bpm) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | 4.62 | <0.0001 |
| Mean SBP (per 5 mmHg) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 3.75 | 0.0002 |
| β-Blocker use (yes vs. no) | 2.01 (1.37, 2.93) | 3.60 | 0.0003 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (yes vs. no) | 2.88 (1.59, 5.19) | 3.51 | 0.0005 |
| Pulse rate (per 1 bpm) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 2.84 | 0.0045 |
| Cigarette smoker (yes vs. no) | 1.31 (1.04, 1.66) | 2.28 | 0.0226 |
Data are based on 1,386 participants with at least two DPN assessments or 1,434 participants with at least two CAN assessments during DCCT/EDIC. Odds ratios and P values were generated using GEE models. Covariates are listed in the order of significance as indicated by the Z-test value.