Table 1:
Comparison of Senior Housing Residents (N=104) with SAGE Subjects (N=119; Comparable in Age Group Percentages) on Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Cognitive, Physical, and Mental Health Measures
| N | Mean or % |
SD | N | Mean or % |
SD |
t or x2 |
df | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | |||||||||
| Female | 70 | 67% | 73 | 61% | 0.86 | 1 | .35 | ||
| Age | 104 | 83.6 | 6.6 | 119 | 83.4 | 6.5 | 0.31 | 221 | .76 |
| Education | |||||||||
| High School and Below | 13 | 12% | 23 | 19% | 7.10 | 2 | .03 | ||
| Some College to Bachelor Degree | 59 | 57% | 46 | 39% | |||||
| Post-Graduate Degree | 32 | 31% | 49 | 42% | |||||
| Race | |||||||||
| Caucasian | 97 | 93% | 95 | 80% | 8.37 | 1 | .004 | ||
| Non-Caucasian | 7 | 7% | 24 | 20% | |||||
| Marital Status | |||||||||
| Currently Married/Cohabitating | 40 | 39% | 55 | 46% | 1.37 | 1 | .24 | ||
| Currently Single | 64 | 61% | 64 | 54% | |||||
| Personal Income | |||||||||
| <$35,000 | 21 | 24% | 35 | 31% | 1.12 | 2 | .57 | ||
| $35,000 - $74,999 | 39 | 45% | 46 | 41% | |||||
| $75,000+ | 26 | 31% | 31 | 28% | |||||
| Lifestyle Factors | |||||||||
| Ever Smoker (% yes) | 43 | 45% | 48 | 43% | 0.11 | 1 | .74 | ||
| Current Smoker (% yes) | 0 | 0% | 5 | 5% | 4.78 | 1 | .06* | ||
| Alcohol Use | |||||||||
| Lifetime abstainer | 13 | 14% | 28 | 24% | 4.37 | 3 | .23 | ||
| Infrequent drinker (< once/day) | 41 | 43% | 46 | 40% | |||||
| Regular drinker (daily) | 23 | 24% | 26 | 23% | |||||
| Former infrequent drinker | 18 | 19% | 15 | 13% | |||||
| Cognitively Stimulating Activities | 87 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 111 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 2.48 | 196 | .01 |
| Social Engagement Activities | 83 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 97 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.62 | 178 | .54 |
| Cognitive and Everyday Functioning | |||||||||
| Cognitive Health Composite Score† | 97 | <0.01 | 1.25 | ||||||
| Global cognition (MoCA) | 101 | 23.5 | 3.6 | ||||||
| Everyday Functioning (UPSA-B) | 104 | 74.4 | 13.1 | ||||||
| Global Cognition (TICS-m) | 119 | 34.5 | 4.5 | ||||||
| Physical Health | |||||||||
| Physical Health Composite Score† | 97 | <0.01 | 1.33 | ||||||
| Physical Performance (SPPB) | 103 | 7.8 | 2.8 | ||||||
| Physical Mobility (TUG) | 96 | 11.3 | 3.5 | ||||||
| Physical Well-being (SF-36) | 95 | 40.5 | 11.1 | 117 | 41.5 | 11.9 | −0.64 | 210 | .53 |
| Sleep Disturbances (PROMIS) | 85 | 47.9 | 7.3 | 69 | 49.6 | 6.2 | −1.52 | 152 | .13 |
| BMI | 102 | 28.2 | 5.2 | 119 | 25.2 | 3.9 | 4.79 | 185.1 | <.001 |
| Comorbidities (CIRS-G) | 103 | 9.0 | 3.3 | ||||||
| Mental Health | |||||||||
| Mental Health Composite Score† | 97 | <0.01 | 1.00 | 119 | <0.01 | 1.00 | <0.01 | 205.3 | 1.0 |
| Satisfaction with Life Scale | 95 | 26.3 | 5.5 | 117 | 26.5 | 5.6 | −0.28 | 210 | .78 |
| Happiness (CESD) | 96 | 9.2 | 3.1 | 114 | 9.8 | 2.7 | −1.49 | 208 | .14 |
| Mental Well-being (SF-36) | 95 | 54.7 | 8.3 | 117 | 55.6 | 8.1 | −0.77 | 210 | .44 |
| Anxiety (BSI) | 97 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 118 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.41 | 154.7 | .16 |
| Depression (PHQ9) | 93 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 113 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 1.51 | 204 | .13 |
| Perceived Stress (PSS) | 92 | 12.3 | 5.1 | 115 | 11.4 | 5.4 | 1.27 | 205 | .20 |
| Resilience (CDRS) | 96 | 29.8 | 5.4 | 117 | 30.1 | 5.8 | −0.33 | 211 | .74 |
| Optimism (LOT-R) | 97 | 22.9 | 3.4 | 113 | 24.2 | 3.7 | −2.67 | 208 | .008 |
| Self-Compassion (Neff SCS) | 92 | 42.7 | 5.8 | 114 | 44.6 | 6.9 | −2.01 | 204 | .05 |
| Loneliness (UCLA-3) | 85 | 37.6 | 9.8 | 102 | 34.6 | 9.8 | 2.13 | 185 | .04 |
| Social Support Index | 87 | 51.0 | 7.5 | 113 | 51.2 | 7.6 | −0.17 | 198 | .86 |
| Overall Religiosity (BMMRS) | 92 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 115 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 0.98 | 205 | .33 |
| Life Events Scale | 94 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 109 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 1.26 | 148.7 | .21 |
| Self-Rated Successful Aging | 97 | 8.2 | 1.3 | 118 | 8.4 | 1.1 | −1.29 | 213 | .20 |
| San Diego Wisdom Scale | 85 | 3.8 | 0.3 | 114 | 3.8 | 0.4 | −0.91 | 197 | .37 |
| Personal Mastery Scale | 98 | 21.0 | 3.1 | 115 | 21.7 | 3.4 | −1.67 | 211 | .10 |
| Coping Self-Efficacy | 95 | 90.2 | 25.1 | 116 | 94.7 | 23.3 | −1.36 | 209 | .18 |
| Meaning of Life - Presence Scale | 97 | 25.6 | 5.7 | 114 | 27.1 | 5.3 | −1.90 | 209 | .06 |
| Meaning of Life - Search Scale | 96 | 19.6 | 6.9 | 113 | 18.2 | 7.5 | 1.32 | 207 | .19 |
Fisher’s exact test
Composite scores were based on normalized data
Abbreviations:
BMI = Body Mass Index
BMMRS = Brief Multi-Dimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality
CCSHC = Continuing Care Senior Housing Community
BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory Anxiety Scale
CDRS = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression scale
CIRS-G = Cumulative Illness Rating Scale - Geriatrics
LOT-R = Life Orientation Test – Revised
MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment
PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire – 9-item Depression Module
PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System
PSS = Perceived Stress Scale
SAGE = Successful AGing Evaluation study
SCS = Self-Compassion Scale
SD = standard deviation
SD-WISE = San Diego Wisdom Scale
SF-36 = Short Form – 36-item scale
SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery
SSI = Social Support Inventory
TICS-m = Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status
TUG = Timed Up and Go
UPSA-B = UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment - Brief
UCLA-3 = UCLA-3 scale for loneliness