Table 1.
Bacterial exo- and endo-toxins with ADP-ribosyl transferase activity.
|
Exotoxins | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterium | Toxin | Target | Effect | Role in pathogenesis | Reference |
| CTX-like Toxin modifying G proteins | |||||
| Vibrio cholerae | CTX | Gαs (Arg201) | Gαs activation | cAMP induction | [192] |
| E. coli (ETEC) | ET | Gαs (Arg201) | Gαs activation | cAMP induction | [193] |
| Bordetella pertussis | PT | Gαi (Cys351) | Gαi inactivation | cAMP induction | [195] |
| CTX-like Toxins modulating actin cytoskeleton and intracellular trafficking | |||||
| C2-like | |||||
| Clostridium botulinum | C2 | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [211] |
| Clostridium perfringens | Iota | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [212] |
| Clostridium difficile | CDT | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [213] |
| Clostridium spiroforme | CST | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [213] |
| Bacillus cereus | VIP | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [213] |
| Salmonella sp. | SpvB | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [214] |
| Photorhabdus luminescens | Photox | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [137] |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | VgrG1 | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [215] |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Nar E | Actin | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [200] |
| Aeromonas salmonicida | AexT | Actin (Arg177) | Actin Depolymerisation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [216] |
| Photorhabdus luminescens | Tc (TccC3 Subunit) | Actin (Thr148) | Actin clustering | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [137] |
| C3-like | |||||
| Clostridium botulinum | C3bot | Rho A/B/C (Asn41) | Rho protein inactivation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [210] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | C3Stau (EDIN) | Rho A/B/C (Asn41) | Rho protein inactivation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [210] |
| Bacillus cereus | C3cer | Rho A/B/C (Asn41) | Rho protein inactivation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [210] |
| Clostridium limosum | C3-lim | Rho A/B/C (Asn41) | Rho protein inactivation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [210] |
| Photorhabdus luminescens | Tc (TccC5 subunit) | Rho A/B/C (Gln61 or 63) | Rho protein activation | Alteration of cytoskeleton | [137] |
| Paenibacillus larvae | Plx2 | Rho A | Rho A protein inactivation | Reorganisation of actin cytoskeleton | [140] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ExoS | Rab7, Rab8, Rab11 (Arg) Rab5 (Arg 81, 91, 110, 120) Ras (Arg 41, 123) ERM proteins (Moesin - Arg 553, 560, 563) |
Inhibition of Rab function Ras inactivation Rho protein inactivation |
Inhibition of endocytosis Uncoupling Ras signal transduction Cytoskeleton alteration |
[230] [234] [234] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Exo T | CRK I/II (Arg) | Uncoupling integrin signalling | Cytoskeleton alteration | [235] |
| Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) | EspJ | Src (Glu310) | Src inactivation | Inhibition of phagocytosis | [141] |
| Salmonella enterica salamae | SeoC | Src (Glu310) | Src inactivation | Inhibition of phagocytosis | [142] |
| Salmonella. bongori | SboC | Src (Glu310) | Src inactivation | Inhibition of phagocytosis | [142] |
| DTX-like Toxins modulating machinery of protein synthesis | |||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | DTX | EF2 (Diphthamide715) | Inhibition of EF2 function | Inhibition of translation | [53] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Exo A | EF2 (Diphthamide715) | Inhibition of EF2 function | Inhibition of translation | [237] |
| Vibrio cholerae | ChT | EF2 (Diphthamide715) | Inhibition of EF2 function | Inhibition of translation | [238] |
| Toxins altering the ubiquitin signalling | |||||
| Legionella pneumophila | SdeA | RTN4, Rab33b, Rab1, Rab6a and Rab30 (Ser) | Misregulation of Rab and RTN4 functions | Alteration of intracellular traffic | [244] |
|
Endotoxins | |||||
| Bacterium | Toxin | Target | Effect | Function | Reference |
| Rhodospirillum rubrum | DraT | Nitrogenase reductase (Arg101) | Inhibition of enzymatic activity | Deregulation of nitrogen fixation system | [168] |
| Azospirillum brasilense | DraT | Nitrogenase reductase (Arg101) | Inhibition of enzymatic activity | Deregulation of nitrogen fixation system | [168] |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | DarT | Single-stranded DNA (Thymidine) | Possibly altering DNA transcription/replication | Down regulation of cell metabolism | [263] |
| Sphingobium sp | ParT | Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (Prs) | Inhibition of enzymatic activity | Altering nucleotide biosynthesis | [267] |
| Serratia proteamaculans | Tre1 | FtsZ | Alteration of bacterial cytoskeleton | Bacteria cell death | [268] |