Table I.
RV-induced wheezing illnesses during infancy and the risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma∗
| Study site | Inclusion criteria | First author, year | No. | Outcome, age (y) | Virus risk factors, OR (95% CI)† | Prevalence of recurrent wheezing/asthma in virus groups | Other risk factors, OR (95% CI)† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuopio, Finland | Bronchiolitis, 1-23 mo, hospitalized | Kotaniemi-Syrjänen, 2003 | 82 | Asthma, 7.2 | RV: 4.1 (1.0-17), other viruses NS | RV: 52% | — |
| Hyvärinen, 2007 | 81 | Asthma, 12.3 | NS | — | — | ||
| Ruotsalainen, 2013 | 67 patients with bronchiolitis, 155 control subjects |
Asthma, 16.5 | RV: 7.3 (2.1-26), RSV: 5.7 (1.6-20) |
RV: 28% RSV: 24% |
B-eos: 21.3 (1.1-430), atopic dermatitis: 6.0 (1.3-27), as-IgE: 6.0 (1.1-33) | ||
| Madison, Wisconsin | Wheezing, <12 mo, outpatients, high atopy risk, birth cohort | Lemanske, 2005 | 275 | Recurrent wheezing, 3-4 | Wheezing <12 mo — RV: 10 (4.1-26), RSV: 3.5 (1.7-7.5), other: 4.6 (2.0-11) | Wheezing <12 mo — RV: 65%, RSV: 48%, other: 49% |
Positive egg IgE level: 3.0 (1.1-7.8), older siblings: 2.6 (1.3-5.2) |
| Jackson, 2008 | 259 | Asthma, 6 | Wheezing <12 mo — RV only: 2.9 (1.1-7.5), RSV only: 1.2 (0.4-3.2) Wheezing <24 mo — RV only: 5.6 (2.4-13), RSV only: 1.3 (0.4-3.8) Wheezing <36 mo — RV only: 43 (12-149), RSV only: 14 (3.4-54) |
Wheezing <12 mo — RV only: 47%, RSV only: 27% Wheezing <24 mo — RV only: 61%, RSV only: 26% Wheezing <36 mo — RV only: 89% RSV only: 73% |
Aeroallergen sensitization, first year: 4.3 (1.4-13) | ||
| Rubner, 2017 | 217 | Asthma, 13 | Wheezing, <36 mo — RV: 3.3 (1.5-7.1), RSV: NS | Wheezing, <36 mo — RV: 40% | Aeroallergen sensitization, first year: 6.0 (2.5-14), aeroallergen sensitization, first 3 y of life: 21, with RV: 7.9 | ||
| Turku, Finland | First wheezing, 3-23 mo, hospitalized | Lehtinen, 2007 | 118 | Recurrent wheezing, 2.1 | RV HR: 5.1 (1.0-25); non-RV/RSV HR: NS |
RV: 50% | Atopy HR: 4.7 (1.9-11), eczema HR: 3.3 (1.3-8.4), age HR: 3.0 (1.4-6.6) |
| Lukkarinen, 2017 | 127 | Atopic and nonatopic asthma, 7.7 | Atopic asthma — RV: 5.0 (1.1-22) Nonatopic asthma — non-RSV/RV: 8.0 (2.3-28) |
RV without atopic characteristics: −, RV and sensitization: 50%, plus eczema: 71%, plus parental asthma: 100% | Atopic asthma — sensitization: 12 (3.0-44), eczema: 4.8 (1.4-17) Nonatopic asthma — age: 7.3 (1.7-31), parental smoking: 3.8 (1.2-13) |
||
| Perth, Australia | Wheezing, <12 mo, outpatients, high atopy risk | Kusel, 2007 | 198 | Recurrent wheezing, 5 | RV: 2.5 (1.1-5.9) RSV: 2.5 (1.0-11.3) |
— | Atopic by age 2 y and RSV: 4.1 (1.3-9.5), atopic by age 2 y and RV: 3.2 (1.1-9.5) |
| Kusel, 2012 | 147 | Asthma, 10 | RV or RSV: NS | — | RV and atopic after 2 y: RR 3.4 (1.1-10) | ||
| Rome, Italy | First bronchiolitis, <12 mo, hospitalized | Midulla, 2012 | 262 patients with bronchiolitis, 39 control subjects |
Recurrent wheezing, 14 mo | RV: 3.3 (1.0-11) | RV: 80% | Absence of lung consolidation: 2.6 (1.1-6.1), family history of asthma: 2.5 (1.2-4.9) |
| Midulla, 2014 | 230 | Recurrent wheezing, 3.2 | RV: 3.2 (1.1-9.6) | RV: 64% | B-eos >400 cells/μL: 8.4 (1.6-45) | ||
| Soma, Japan | Lower respiratory tract infection, ≤3 y, hospitalized | Takeyama, 2014 | 80 patients with wheezing and 136 patients without wheezing at admission | Recurrent wheezing, 4.2 | Wheezing group: RV vs RSV, P = .035 Nonwheezing group: NS |
Wheezing group — RV: 81% | — |
| Three centers, Finland | Bronchiolitis, <24 mo, hospitalized | Bergroth, 2016 | 365 total 177, <12 mo with first episode |
Asthma, 1.7 | All — RV: 9.1 (4.3-19) Non-RV/RSV: 2.7 (1.3-5.6) <12 mo with first episode — RV: 20.4 (4.9-86), non-RV/RSV: 3.8 (1.1-13) |
All — RV: 61%, non-RV/RSV: 36% <12 mo with first episode, — |
— |
—, No data given; as-IgE, allergen-specific IgE; B-eos, blood eosinophil count; HR, hazard ratio; NS, nonsignificant; RR, risk ratio.
∗
Including prospective studies that have used both RV and RSV detection.
†
Unless otherwise stated.