(a) Comparison of model and experimental TF kinematics for the lunge activity: experiment and calibrated model predictions (RMS difference of TF flexion–extension <3 deg, varus–valgus <2.5 deg, internal–external <4 deg, medial–lateral <3 mm, anterior–posterior <2 mm, superior–inferior <2 mm), (b) sensitivity analysis comparing the impact of mean ±1 standard deviation of ligament stiffness (K) and reference strain (EREF) on TF internal–external and anterior–posterior kinematics. Mean and standard deviations obtained from the literature (see Table 1).