Table 1.

A comprehensive list of known downstream targets of the transcription factor NF-κB relevant to asthma and/or COPD

Downstream targets of NF-κB inhibition relevant to asthma and COPD
Protein/Gene	Function	Reference
Cytokines
TNF-α	Inflammatory cytokine	(Laza-Stanca et al., 2006)
IL-1β	Inflammatory cytokine	(Haddad, 2002)
IL-6	Lymphocyte and macrophage maturation	(Zhu et al., 1996)
GM-CSF	Neutrophil generation from bone marrow	(Funkhouser et al., 2004)
IL-5	Th2 cytokine	(Mori et al., 1997)
IL-4	Th2 cytokine	(Das et al., 2001)
IL-13	Th2 cytokine	(Das et al., 2001)
Chemokines
IL-8/CXCL8	Neutrophil chemokine	(Zhu et al., 1997)
ENA-78/CXCL5	Neutrophil chemokine	(Sachse et al., 2006)
NAP-2/CXCL4	Neutrophil chemokine	(Catley et al., 2006)
GRO-α/CXCL1	Neutrophil chemokine	(Issa et al., 2006)
GRO-γ/CXCL3	Neutrophil chemokine	(Bezzerri et al., in press)
TARC/CCL17	Th2 cell chemokine	(Berin et al., 2001)
MIP-3α/CCL20	T cell and immature DC chemokine	(Matsukura et al., 2006)
Eotaxin/CCL10	Eosinophil chemokine	(Yang et al., 1998)
Rantes/CCL5	Th1 cell chemokine	(Thomas et al., 1998)
IP-10/CXCL10	Th1 cell chemokine	(Spurrell et al., 2005)
MCP-1	Monocyte chemokine	(Catley et al., 2006)
Mucins
MUC5AC	Respiratory mucin	(Kraft et al., 2008)
MUC5B	Respiratory mucin	(Inoue et al., 2006)
MUC7	Respiratory mucin	(Li & Bobek, 2006)
Receptors
ICAM-1	Leukocyte adhesion	(Papi & Johnston, 1999b)
VCAM-1	Leukocyte adhesion	(Papi & Johnston, 1999a)
CD23	Low affinity receptor for IgE	(Debnath et al., 2007)
CD21	CD23 co-receptor	(Debnath et al., 2007)
IgE	Allergen binding on mast cells and basophils	(Oomizu et al., 2006)
Enzymes
COX-2	Coverts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins	(Steer et al., 2003)
iNOS	Produces nitric oxide	(Li et al., 2002)
MMP9	Protease associated with remodelling of the extracellular matrix and cell migration	(Rhee et al., 2007)