Table 5.
Descriptive characteristics by combination of economic hardship dimensions for the weighted sample
| Economic Hardship Without Income Poverty |
Economic Hardship With Income Poverty |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Economic Hardship | MD Only | Stress Only | MD + Stress | Poverty Only | Poverty + MD | Poverty + Stress | All | |
| Household Characteristics | ||||||||
| Number of children | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 3.0 |
| (0.8) | (1.2) | (0.8) | (1.2) | (1.0) | (1.6) | (1.0) | (1.5) | |
| Live-in grandparent (%) | 2.5 | 6.9 | 2.9 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 5.1 |
| Total household size | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 4.7 |
| (0.9) | (1.5) | (0.9) | (1.4) | (1.2) | (1.9) | (1.2) | (1.8) | |
| Parent Characteristics | ||||||||
| Mother age at birth | 31.4 | 29.3 | 30.9 | 29.1 | 27.0 | 26.5 | 27.7 | 26.9 |
| 95.0 | 86.6 | 94.0 | 86.7 | 86.2 | 80.2 | |||
| Mother ethnicity (%) | ||||||||
| White | (4.9) | (5.8) | (5.3) | (6.1) | 85.6 | 75.5 | (6.3) | (6.2) |
| Black/black British | 0.8 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 2.3 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 6.2 |
| Pakistani/Bangladeshi | 0.9 | 4.5 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 5.9 | 9.2 |
| Indian | 1.8 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.0 |
| Asian or other | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.6 |
| Mixed | 50.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
| Immigrant parent (%) | 7.2 | 13.0 | 6.7 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 20.1 | 9.6 | 14.9 |
| Married or cohabiting (%) | 93.9 | 89.0 | 87.2 | 80.2 | 58.7 | 66.0 | 45.4 | 51.9 |
| Education (%) | ||||||||
| None | 2.7 | 8.8 | 4.0 | 11.8 | 18.0 | 36.0 | 20.2 | 29.5 |
| NVQ Level 1 (basic school leaving certificate) | 4.2 | 8.5 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 14.0 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 14.0 |
| NVQ Level 2 (vocational training) | 24.7 | 30.2 | 30.2 | 32.8 | 34.5 | 31.6 | 36.3 | 35.0 |
| NVQ Level 3 (advanced vocational training) | 15.5 | 14.3 | 17.8 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 9.6 | 14.2 | 11.6 |
| NVQ Level 4 (AA or BA) | 44.8 | 31.4 | 36.8 | 24.6 | 15.9 | 8.7 | 14.4 | 9.1 |
| NVQ Level 5 (MA or PhD) | 8.1 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
| Any parent employed (%) | 99.7 | 97.8 | 99.1 | 97.0 | 88.4 | 72.1 | 82.6 | 64.7 |
| Mother serious psychological distress (%) | 2.8 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 17.0 | 13.8 | 20.7 |
| Focal Child Characteristics | ||||||||
| Male (%) | 51.2 | 52.0 | 50.3 | 55.1 | 51.6 | 52.6 | 49.4 | 49.1 |
| Age | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 |
| (1.7) | (1.7) | (1.7) | (1.7) | (1.6) | (1.7) | (1.6) | (1.7) | |
| Internalizing behavior problems (0–20) | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.7 |
| (2.2) | (2.6) | (2.5) | (3.1) | (2.7) | (2.8) | (2.9) | (3.1) | |
| Externalizing behavior problems (0–20) | 4.5 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.7 |
| (3.3) | (3.8) | (3.6) | (3.9) | (3.9) | (4.3) | (4.1) | (4.3) | |
Notes: Poverty = income poverty. MD = material deprivation. Stress = subjective financial stress. N = 52,623 family waves. Standard deviations are shown in parentheses.