Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pneumococcal conjugate-unvaccinated children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections where polyomaviruses WU or KI were detected.
| Overall | HIV-infected | HIV-uninfected | OR 95% CI p-value |
aORa 95% CI p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of specimens studied | 761 | 285 | 476 | – | – |
| Positive samples, n (%) | |||||
| for WUPyV | 84 (11.0) |
18 (6.3) |
66 (13.9) |
0.42 (0.24–0.72) 0.002 |
0.40b (0.23–0.72) 0.002 |
| for KIPyV | 64 (8.4) |
29 (10.2) |
35 (7.4) |
1.43 (0.85–2.39) 0.176 |
1.52b (0.88–2.63) 0.131 |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Mean age in months, (SD) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 13.2 (5.9) |
15.0 (5.3) |
12.7 (6.0) |
1.07 (0.98–1.18) 0.150 |
1.06b (0.96–1.18) 0.220 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 11.7 (5.5) |
11.7 (5.8) |
11.7 (5.3) |
1.00 (0.91–1.09) 0.982 |
0.95 (0.85–1.06) 0.397 |
| Male, n (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 53 (63.1) |
10 (55.6) |
43 (65.2) |
0.67 (0.23–1.93) 0.456 |
0.66 (0.21–2.05) 0.469 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 28 (43.8) |
10 (34.5) |
18 (51.4) |
0.50 (0.18–1.37) 0.176 |
0.56 (0.19–1.65) 0.290 |
| Clinical characteristicse | |||||
| Mean oxygen saturation on room air <90%, n (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 17 (20.2) |
7 (38.9) |
10 (15.2) |
3.56 (1.11–11.39) 0.032 |
3.88 (1.06–14.21) 0.041 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 16/61 (26.2) |
11/27 (40.7) |
5/34 (14.7) |
3.99 (1.18–13.52) 0.026 |
5.00 (1.27–19.65) 0.021 |
| Mean respiratory rate; breaths per minute, (SD) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 50.0 (12.1) |
53.3 (112.2) |
49.1 (12.0) |
1.03 (0.99–1.07) 0.193 |
1.03 (0.99–1.08) 0.184 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 52.5 (14.5) |
58.1 (16.8) |
47.9 (10.6) |
1.06 (1.01–1.10) 0.009 |
1.07 (1.02–1.12) 0.004 |
| Clinical pneumonia, n (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 55 (65.5) |
16 (88.9) |
39 (59.1) |
5.54 (1.18–26.09) 0.030 |
5.67 (1.14–28.16) 0.034 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 51 (79.7) |
26 (89.7) |
25 (71.4) |
3.47 (0.85–14.09) 0.082 |
3.04 (0.68–13.56) 0.145 |
| Wheezing, n (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 37 (44.1) |
3 (16.7) |
34 (51.5) |
0.19 (0.05–0.71) 0.014 |
0.21 (0.05–0.84) 0.028 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 19 (29.7) |
6 (20.7) |
13 (37.1) |
0.44 (0.14–1.37) 0.156 |
0.57 (0.17–1.92) 0.360 |
| Bronchial breathing, n (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 7 (8.3) |
4 (22.2) |
3 (4.6) |
6.00 (1.21–29.87) 0.029 |
3.79 (0.61–23.50) 0.152 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 11 (17.2) |
8 (27.6) |
3 (8.6) |
4.06 (0.97–17.09) 0.056 |
3.04 (0.64–14.39) 0.161 |
| Hospital stay ≥5 days, n (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 14 (16.7) |
6 (33.3) |
8 (12.1) |
3.63 (1.06–12.37) 0.040 |
3.17 (0.83–12.02) 0.090 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 21 (32.8) |
15 (51.7) |
6 (17.1) |
5.18 (1.65–16.22) 0.005 |
10.41 (2.48–43.71) 0.001 |
| Deaths during LRTIs hospitalization, n (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 2 (2.4) |
2 (11.1) |
0 | 0.044c | |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 6 (9.4) |
4 (13.8) |
2 (5.7) |
2.64 (0.45–15.58) 0.284 |
2.77 (0.41–18.63) 0.296 |
| Laboratory and other investigationsf | |||||
| Alveolar consolidation on chest X-ray, n/N (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 22/77 (28.6) |
8/16 (50.0) |
14/61 (23.0) |
3.36 (1.07–10.57) 0.039 |
4.43 (1.15–17.10) 0.031 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 25/59 (42.4) |
15/24 (62.5) |
10/35 (28.6) |
4.17 (1.38–12.58) 0.011 |
4.15 (1.24–13924) 0.021 |
| Bacterial infection, n/N (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive casesg | 3/79 (3.8) |
1/17 (5.9) |
2/62 (3.2) |
1.88 (0.16–22.01) 0.617 |
1.76 (0.10–30.24) 0.696 |
| KIPyV-positive casesh | 6/63 (9.5) |
6/29 (20.7) |
0/34 | 0.005c | |
| Co-detection with other respiratory viruses, N (%) | |||||
| WUPyV-positive cases | 55 (65.5) |
7 (38.9) |
48 (72.7) |
0.24 (0.08–0.71) 0.010 |
0.18d (0.06–0.60) 0.005 |
| KIPyV-positive cases | 48 (75.0) |
22 (75.9) |
26 (74.3) |
1.09 (0.35–3.40) 0.885 |
1.07d (0.32–3.52) 0.916 |
In parenthesis percent of number studied, unless otherwise indicated. n: number of children with the analyzed characteristic; N: number of children with information available if different from overall tested; SD: standard deviation; OR: odds ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; LRTIs: lower respiratory tract infections.
aOR adjusted for year of sampling and detection of viruses previously-tested unless otherwise indicated.
aOR adjusted for age, year of sampling and detection of viruses previously-tested.
p-value not adjusted.
p-value not adjusted for detection of viruses previously-tested.
Other clinical characteristics assessed that were not significantly different between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children included: percentage of children presenting with axillary temperature ≥38 °C, percentage of children with a history of fever, vomiting, seizures or cyanosis, percentage of children needing mechanical ventilation and percentage of children presenting with World Health Organization severe pneumonia definition.
Other laboratory investigations assessed that were not significantly different between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children included: percentage of children presenting with C-reactive protein levels ≥40 mg/l or procalcitonin levels ≥2 ng/ml and mean white cell count.
Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from one HIV-infected child and in two HIV-uninfected children in whom WUPyV was detected.
Bacteria isolated from HIV-infected children in whom KIPyV was detected included: Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 3), Escherichia coli (n = 2) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (n = 1).