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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 21.
Published in final edited form as: World Dev. 2019 Oct 25;126:104704. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104704

Table 3:

Effect of climate variation on migration rates

Alternate Specifications
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Main
 District clusters
 Sample weights
 No movers
 No students
 No Ethiopia
 12 month
 Raw climate
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Temperature 0.027**
(0.010)		 −0.001
(0.013)		 0.027**
(0.012)		 −0.001
(0.013)		 0.026**
(0.010)		 −0.001
(0.013)		 0.025**
(0.011)		 −0.005
(0.013)		 0.026***
(0.010)		 0.004
(0.015)		 0.019*
(0.011)		 −0.000
(0.010)		 0.012
(0.008)		 0.005
(0.009)		 −0.021
(0.274)		 0.014
(0.255)
Temperature2 −0.020**
(0.010)		 0.017
(0.012)		 −0.020*
(0.011)		 0.017
(0.011)		 −0.019**
(0.010)		 0.017
(0.012)		 −0.021**
(0.010)		 0.018
(0.012)		 −0.012
(0.009)		 0.016
(0.014)		 −0.020**
(0.010)		 0.001
(0.006)		 −0.006
(0.007)		 0.007
(0.009)		 −0.000
(0.005)		 0.000
(0.005)
Rainfall 0.006
(0.011)		 −0.021*
(0.012)		 0.006
(0.011)		 −0.021*
(0.011)		 0.006
(0.011)		 −0.021*
(0.012)		 0.007
(0.011)		 −0.023*
(0.012)		 0.010
(0.011)		 −0.018
(0.014)		 0.009
(0.011)		 −0.010
(0.007)		 −0.018*
(0.009)		 −0.001
(0.009)		 −0.335
(0.312)		 0.061
(0.209)
Rainfall2 −0.017***
(0.006)		 0.011
(0.008)		 −0.017***
(0.005)		 0.011
(0.007)		 −0.016***
(0.006)		 0.010
(0.008)		 −0.016***
(0.006)		 0.013
(0.008)		 −0.016***
(0.005)		 0.015*
(0.009)		 −0.014**
(0.006)		 0.002
(0.005)		 0.003
(0.006)		 0.011
(0.009)		 0.001
(0.007)		 −0.015**
(0.007)
Rain. × Temp. −0.024**
(0.011)		 0.033*
(0.019)		 −0.024*
(0.014)		 0.033**
(0.016)		 −0.023**
(0.011)		 0.033*
(0.018)		 −0.023**
(0.012)		 0.038**
(0.019)		 −0.017
(0.010)		 0.036*
(0.022)		 −0.027**
(0.012)		 0.003
(0.009)		 0.014
(0.011)		 0.016
(0.017)		 0.014
(0.012)		 0.002
(0.008)
F test: climate parameters = 0 (p values)
 Temperature 0.072 0.113 0.167 0.070 0.080 0.114 0.119 0.084 0.071 0.049 0.135 0.974 0.153 0.597 0.382 0.590
 Rainfall 0.026 0.301 0.019 0.190 0.038 0.295 0.034 0.211 0.028 0.367 0.054 0.445 0.292 0.625 0.252 0.038
F test: urban = rural climate parameters (p values)
 Temperature 0.071 0.080 0.075 0.049 0.164 0.219 0.405 0.516
 Rainfall 0.029 0.018 0.036 0.020 0.017 0.125 0.298 0.359
R2 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.007 0.013 0.010 0.013
N 55,277 55,277 55,277 53,573 42,894 43,005 55,277 55,277

Note: Migration outcome defined by whether an individual moved for at least 1 month in the last year. Parameter estimates with standard errors in parentheses clustered by baseline enumeration area. Observations are person-years. Includes individual and year fixed effects. Unless otherwise noted: temperature and rainfall are z-scores of previous 24-months, and both sample and attrition weights applied.

*

p < 0.1

**

p < 0.05

***

p < 0.01.