Table 1.
Demographics and risk behaviors stratified by study arm
| Usual Care | ICC intervention | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Evaluation | Baseline | Evaluation | |
| Participant-level characteristics* | ||||
| Participants, n | 5997 | 5721 | 5996 | 6000 |
| Women, n (site % range) | 341 (0 – 22.7) | 272 (0.5 – 22.0) | 346 (0.2 – 18.7) | 221 (0.6 – 15.4) |
| Age (years), site median range | 24–34 | 25–35 | 26–34 | 26–35 |
| At least secondary school education, n (site % range) | 3331 (30.7 – 95.1) | 3451 (35.6 – 97.6) | 4341 (66.1 – 93.8) | 4652 (60.7 – 94.3) |
| Married or living with partner, n (site % range) | 2331 (26.3 – 48.1) | 1993 (26.5 – 48.9) | 2999 (33.4 – 63.9) | 2674 (27.7 – 62.5) |
| Monthly household income (USD), site median range | 92 – 306 | 138 – 459 | 107 – 389 | 153 – 459 |
| Recent incarceration, n (site % range) | 648 (4.2 – 27.7) | 512 (4.4 – 24.3) | 827 (0.5 – 30.1) | 572 (2.5 –12.3) |
| Lifetime number of sexual partners, site median range | 2–4 | 2–5 | 1–5 | 1 – 5 |
| Unprotected sex in prior 6 mo., n (site % range) | 2188 (24.4 – 51.8) | 2522 (23.2 – 70.3) | 2894 (37.4 – 62.9) | 2779 (37.6 – 61.6) |
| Hazardous alcohol use1, n (site % range) | 2127 (11.5 – 49.3) | 2253 (29.5 – 51.5) | 2721 (22.2 –66.8) | 1926 (8.3 – 49.2) |
| Any recent substance use2, n (site % range) | 5900 (95.8 – 100) | 5565 (85.8 – 100) | 5752 (88.7 – 99.9) | 5432 (81.8 – 98.1) |
| Ever tested for HIV, n (site % range) | 2728 (7.9 – 61.5) | 2940 (16.6 – 68.0) | 3055 (24.3 – 71.4) | 3702 (44.3 – 70.2) |
| Ever tested for HCV, n (site % range) | 478 (0.2 – 11.8) | 783 (0.9 – 28.0) | 632 (0.7 – 27.2) | 1902 (10.9 – 52.7) |
| HIV positive3, n (site % range) | 1220 (8.6 –30.8) | 1301 (8.9 – 38.0) | 1324 (8.9 – 31.1) | 1216 (5.6 – 32.2) |
| HCV Ab+ positive, n (site % range) | 2753 (15.3 – 63.6) | 3099 (16.5 – 66.8) | 2691 (9.0 –64.9) | 3389 (7.2 – 76.6) |
| HCV active infection4, n (site % range) | 2242 (13.2 – 52.8) | 2420 (10.2 – 53.9) | 2225 (7.9 – 54.9) | 2698 (4.1 – 66.4) |
| Injection in past 6 mo., n (site % range) | 5611 (87.3 – 99.1) | 4975 (57.7 – 98.3) | 5211 (68.6 – 98.2) | 4373 (27.1 – 89.6) |
| Age at first injection (years), site median range | 18–26 | 18–25 | 18–21 | 20–22 |
| Ever shared needle/syringe, n (site % range) | 3327 (37.0 – 72.1) | 3113 (24.8 – 66.7) | 2944 (19.9 – 80.4) | 3221 (25.7 – 82.4) |
| Drugs injected in prior 6 mo., n (site % range) | ||||
| Heroin | 2875 (2.5 – 97.0) | 2967 (7.4 – 96.0) | 1958 (0.6 – 98.2) | 2699 (0.04 – 89.5) |
| Buprenorphine | 2134 (0.3 – 75.7) | 2066 (0 – 90.9) | 2289 (0.1 – 89.9) | 1640 (0 – 77.2) |
| Other pharmaceutical opioids | 1634 (0.7 – 88.7) | 844 (1.2 – 26.2) | 1396 (0.9 – 62.9) | 368 (0 – 23.6) |
| Cocaine or other stimulant | 54 (0 – 2.6) | 79 (0.1 – 3.8) | 50 (0.2 – 1.5) | 44 (0 –1.3) |
| Sedative/antianxiety | 283 (0.1 – 20.3) | 311 (0.1 – 27.1) | 627 (0.4 – 23.6) | 66 (0 – 2.3) |
| Antihistamines | 2125 (0.01 – 90.1) | 2117 (0 – 96.2) | 1992 (0.04 –73.0) | 1418 (0 – 70.4) |
| Ever use needle exchange program, n (site % range) | 2703 (6.8 – 73.8) | 2520 (8.3 – 63.2) | 2279 (7.7 – 59.2) | 2083 (6.1 – 61.1) |
| Ever use opioid agonist therapy, n (site % range) | 1627 (6.4 – 48.7) | 1975 (4.7 – 56.4) | 1296 (0 – 33.0) | 2486 (10.7 – 54.2) |
| Site recruitment characteristics | ||||
| Sites, n | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Sample size per site, median (range) | 1000 (999 – 1000) | 1000 (722 – 1000) | 1000 (996 – 1000) | 1000 (1000 – 1000) |
| Number of seeds used per site, median (range) | 2(2–2) | 2(2–2) | 2(2–2) | 2(2–2) |
| Time to recruit sample (days), median (range) | 139 (52 – 190) | 171 (101 – 269) | 136 (89 – 200) | 139 (96 – 203) |
| Median network size, site median5 range | 16 (10 – 20) | 12 (7 – 30) | 13 (7 – 20) | 11 (4 – 20) |
| Number of recruitment waves reached, median (range) | 23 (14 – 31) | 18 (11 – 27) | 32 (14 – 50) | 16 (9 – 24) |
| Biometric overlap between evaluation and baseline RDS (%), n (site %5 range) | - | 848 (7.5 – 23.5) | - | 765 (5.8 – 18.8) |
| Biometric overlap between evaluation RDS and ICC register (%), n (site %5 range) | - | - | - | 2375 (16.7 – 55.5) |
*
Weighted using RDS-II weights and PWID size in each city;
1
Measured using AUDIT, score ≥8;
2
Any alcohol use or illicit drug use;
3
By rapid HIV testing;
4
HCV RNA+ or reported initiating treatment for HCV;
5
Unweighted; hepatitis C virus (HCV), antibody (ab), respondent-driven sampling (RDS), Integrated care center (ICC)