| Long-term natural history series with cross-sectional and/or some longitudinal assessment |
| R. Müller 1949; 1951 |
Not available |
Observed data Gender: male, shorter Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, shorter Initial symptoms: optic neuritis/brainstem, longer; motor/sensory, shorter Initial course: progressive, shorter |
|
|
Not available |
Observed data Gender: female, slightly shorter Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: younger, longer Initial symptoms: none Initial course: progressive, shorter |
|
| Panelius 1969 |
Not available |
|
|
| S. Poser 1978 |
Not available |
|
|
| S. Poser et al 1982b |
Not available |
Observed data Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, slightly shorter Initial symptoms: optic neuritis, longer Initial course: progressive, shorter |
|
V.A. Clark et al 1982
Detels et al 1982
Visscher et al 1984
|
Not available |
Observed data Logistic regression analysis Gender: male, slightly shorter Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, shorter Residence: Los Angeles, shorter; Washington, longer Initial symptoms: visual/speech/sensory, longer; motor/incoordination, shorter Heat sensitivity: present, shorter Early accumulation of disability: greater, shorter |
|
| Phadke 1987; 1990 |
Not available |
Observed data Gender: none Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: younger, longer Familial history of multiple sclerosis: negative, longer Social class: higher, longer Initial symptoms: optic neuritis/brainstem, longer; spinal cord/mixed, shorter Duration of initial symptoms: shorter, longer Initial course: progressive, shorter Time from initial episode to second episode: longer, longer Visual evoked potential latency: normal, longer Cerebrospinal fluid findings: none |
|
| D.H. Miller et al 1992a |
Not available |
Observed data Gender: male, slightly shorter Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, shorter Initial symptoms: limb motor, shorter Initial course: progressive, shorter Number of relapses during the first 3 years of multiple sclerosis: none Disability score at 5 years of multiple sclerosis: higher, shorter |
|
| Riise et al 1992 |
Not available |
Multivariate linear regression analysis
All cases:
Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, shorter Initial course of multiple sclerosis: progressive, shorter
Cases with a relapsing–remitting initial course of multiple sclerosis:
Gender: none Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, shorter Initial symptoms: pyramidal/cerebellar, shorter
Cases with a progressive initial course of multiple sclerosis:
Gender/age at onset of multiple sclerosis/initial symptoms: none |
|
| Kantarci et al 1998 |
|
Life table analysis Cox regression analysis End point = DSS 6 Gender: male, shorter Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, shorter Initial symptoms: motor/sphincter, shorter; optic neuritis, slightly longer; polyregional, none Initial course: progressive, shorter Number of relapses during the first 5 years of multiple sclerosis: greater, shorter |
|
| Myhr et al 2001 |
|
Life table analysis Cox regression analysis End point = DSS 6
All cases:
Gender/familial history of multiple sclerosis/initial symptoms: none Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: older, shorter Initial course of multiple sclerosis: progressive, shorter
Cases with a relapsing–remitting initial course of multiple sclerosis:
Gender/age at onset of multiple sclerosis/familial history of multiple sclerosis/initial symptoms: none Time from initial episode to second episode: longer, longer
Cases with a progressive initial course of multiple sclerosis:
Gender/age at onset of multiple sclerosis/familial history of multiple sclerosis/initial symptoms: none |
|
| Long-term natural history cohorts with longitudinal follow-up |
| United States Army Veterans World War II multiple sclerosis cohort |
| Kurtzke et al 1968a; 1970a; 1973; 1977 |
Not available |
Observed data End point = DSS 6 and 10 Age at onset of multiple sclerosis/initial symptoms: none Socioeconomic status/month of onset of multiple sclerosis/year of onset of multiple sclerosis: none Number of relapses during the first 5 years of multiple sclerosis: none DSS score at 5 years of multiple sclerosis: higher, shorter Symptoms at 5 years of multiple sclerosis: pyramidal/cerebellar, shorter Number of affected functional systems at 5 years of multiple sclerosis: greater, shorter |
| Lyon, France, multiple sclerosis cohort |
Confavreux 1977
Confavreux et al 1980
|
Life table analysis DSS 4: 6 (median) DSS 7: 18 (median) |
Observed data End point = DSS 4 and 7 Gender/initial symptoms: none Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: younger, longer Initial course: progressive, shorter Time from initial episode to second episode: shorter, shorter Number of episodes during the relapsing–remitting phase of multiple sclerosis: greater, longer Time from initial episode to secondary progression: shorter, shorter |
| Confavreux et al 2000; 2003 |
|
Life table analysis Cox regression analysis End point = DSS 4, 6 and 7
All cases and cases with a relapsing–remitting initial course of multiple sclerosis:
Gender: female, longer Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: younger, longer Initial symptoms: optic neuritis, longer; long tracts, shorter Initial course: progressive, shorter Recovery from first episode: complete, longer Time from initial episode to second neurological episode: shorter, shorter Number of episodes during the first 5 years of multiple sclerosis: greater, shorter Time from onset of multiple sclerosis to assignment of DSS 4: shorter, shorter
Cases with a progressive initial course of multiple sclerosis:
Gender: female, longer All of the other clinical variables: none |
|
| Gothenburg multiple sclerosis cohort |
|
Life table analysis DSS 6: 18 (median) |
Life table analysis Cox regression analysis End point = DSS 6
All cases:
Initial course: progressive, shorter
Cases with a relapsing–remitting initial course of multiple sclerosis:
Gender: male, shorter Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: younger, longer Season of onset of multiple sclerosis/year of onset of multiple sclerosis/seen from onset: none Initial symptoms: optic neuritis/sensory/monoregional, longer; long tracts, shorter Recovery from first episode: complete, longer Time from initial episode to second neurological episode:a none Number of episodes during the first 5 years of multiple sclerosis:b none Disability score at 5 years of multiple sclerosis:b higher, shorter Number of affected functional systems at 5 years of multiple sclerosis:b greater, shorter |
| London, Ontario, multiple sclerosis cohort |
| Weinshenker et al 1989a; 1989b; 1991a |
|
Life table analysis Multivariate hierarchical analysis End point = DSS 6 (and 8) Gender: male, shorter Age at onset of multiple sclerosis: younger, longer Initial symptoms: optic neuritis, longer; cerebellar/insidious motor, shorter Initial course: progressive, shorter Seen from onset of multiple sclerosis: shorter Time from initial episode to second episode:a shorter, shorter Number of episodes during the first 2 years of multiple sclerosis: greater, shorter Disability score at 2 years of multiple sclerosis: higher, shorter Disability score at 5 years of multiple sclerosis: higher, shorter Time from onset of multiple sclerosis to assignment of DSS 3:c shorter, shorter |
| Long-term history series from the therapeutic era |
Amato et al 1999
Amato and Ponziani 2000
|
Life table analysis DSS 4: 12.7 DSS 6: 14.1 (median) |
Life table analysis Cox regression analysis Endpoint = DSS 4 and 6 Gender/age at onset of multiple sclerosis: none Initial symptoms: pyramidal/cerebellar/sphincter/visual, shorter; sensory, longer Number of affected functional systems at onset of multiple sclerosis: greater, shorter Initial course: progressive, shorter Recovery from first episode: incomplete, shorter Time from initial to second neurological episode: longer, shorter Number of episodes during the first 2 years of multiple sclerosis: none Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid at onset of multiple sclerosis: present, shorter Brain MRI at onset of multiple sclerosis: suggestive, shorter |
