Table 2.1.
The waterborne pathogens.
| Pathogen | Disease | Mode of transmission |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||
| Vibrio cholera, serovarieties O1 and O139 | Cholera, gastroenteritis | Fecal–oral route |
| Salmonella sp. | Salmonellosis, gastroenteritis | Fecal–oral route |
| Shigella sp. | Shigellosis | Fecal–oral route |
| Escherichia coli, serotype O157:H7 | Diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome | Fecal–oral route |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | Melioidosis | Direct contact with contaminated soil and surface waters |
| Campylobacter sp. | Diarrhea, gastroenteritis | Consumption of contaminated food |
| Francisella tularensis | Tularemia | Arthropod bites, direct contact with infected animals, and inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water |
| Legionella pneumophila | Acute respiratory illness, pneumonia (legionellosis) | Inhalation of contaminated aerosols |
| Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) | Pulmonary disease, skin infection | Inhalation of contaminated aerosols |
| Viruses | ||
| Adenovirus | Gastroenteritis, respiratory, ocular, and urinary tract infections | Inhalation of contaminated aerosols, fecal–oral route |
| Astrovirus | Gastroenteritis, respiratory infections | Fecal–oral route |
| Norovirus | Gastroenteritis, diarrhea | Fecal–oral route |
| Sapoviruses | Acute viral gastroenteritis | Fecal–oral route |
| Hepatitis A and E viruses | Hepatitis | Fecal–oral route |
| Rotavirus | Diarrhea, gastroenteritis | Fecal–oral route |
| Protozoa | ||
| Cryptosporidium sp. | Cryptosporidiosis | Fecal–oral route |
| Giardia intestinalis | Giardiasis | Fecal–oral route |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Amebiasis | Fecal–oral transmission |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Toxoplasmosis | Ingestion of water contaminated with oocysts |
| Helminths | ||
| Dracunculus medinensis | Dracunculiasis | Consumption of contaminated water |
| Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica | Fascioliasis | Consumption of aquatic plants with metacercariae |