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. 2020 Feb 14:15–42. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818783-8.00002-5

Table 2.1.

The waterborne pathogens.

Pathogen Disease Mode of transmission
Bacteria
Vibrio cholera, serovarieties O1 and O139 Cholera, gastroenteritis Fecal–oral route
Salmonella sp. Salmonellosis, gastroenteritis Fecal–oral route
Shigella sp. Shigellosis Fecal–oral route
Escherichia coli, serotype O157:H7 Diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome Fecal–oral route
Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Direct contact with contaminated soil and surface waters
Campylobacter sp. Diarrhea, gastroenteritis Consumption of contaminated food
Francisella tularensis Tularemia Arthropod bites, direct contact with infected animals, and inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water
Legionella pneumophila Acute respiratory illness, pneumonia (legionellosis) Inhalation of contaminated aerosols
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) Pulmonary disease, skin infection Inhalation of contaminated aerosols
Viruses
Adenovirus Gastroenteritis, respiratory, ocular, and urinary tract infections Inhalation of contaminated aerosols, fecal–oral route
Astrovirus Gastroenteritis, respiratory infections Fecal–oral route
Norovirus Gastroenteritis, diarrhea Fecal–oral route
Sapoviruses Acute viral gastroenteritis Fecal–oral route
Hepatitis A and E viruses Hepatitis Fecal–oral route
Rotavirus Diarrhea, gastroenteritis Fecal–oral route
Protozoa
Cryptosporidium sp. Cryptosporidiosis Fecal–oral route
Giardia intestinalis Giardiasis Fecal–oral route
Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis Fecal–oral transmission
Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasmosis Ingestion of water contaminated with oocysts
Helminths
Dracunculus medinensis Dracunculiasis Consumption of contaminated water
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica Fascioliasis Consumption of aquatic plants with metacercariae