TABLE 15-1.

Common Routes of Transmission of Viruses of Animals

Virus family	Routes
Papovaviridae	Contact, skin abrasion
Adenoviridae	Respiratory, fecal–oral
Herpesviridae	Sexual (e.g., equine coital exanthema)
	Respiratory (e.g., infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
	Transplacental (e.g., canine herpesvirus)
African swine	Fecal–oral, respiratory, arthropod
fever virus
Poxviridae	Contact (e.g., orf, cowpox)
	Arthropod (mechanical, e.g., myxoma virus)
	Contact, respiratory (e.g., sheeppox)
Parvoviridae	Fecal–oral, respiratory, contact, transplacental
Picornaviridae	Fecal–oral, respiratory (Enterovirus)
	Respiratory (Aphthovirus, Rhinovirus)
Caliciviridae	Respiratory, fecal–oral, contact
Togaviridae	Arthropod (Alphavirus)
	Respiratory, fecal–oral, transplacental (e.g., hog cholera)
Flaviviridae	Arthropod
Orthomyxoviridae	Respiratory
Paramyxoviridae	Respiratory, contact
Coronaviridae	Fecal–oral, respiratory, contact
Arenaviridae	Contact with contaminated urine, respiratory
Bunyaviridae	Arthropod (Rift Valley fever)
Rhabdoviridae	Arthropod and contact (vesicular stomatitis), animal bite (rabies)
Retroviridae	Contact, in ovo (germ line)
Birnaviridae	Fecal–oral, water (fish)
Reoviridae	Fecal–oral (Rotavirus and Reovirus)
	Arthropod (Orbivirus)