Table 1.
Participant Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
| Variable | ASD+DB (n = 18) | ASD-only (n = 20) | TD (n = 19) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Years, Mean (SD) | 12.7 (2.0) | 12.6 (2.1) | 12.9 (2.2) | .895 |
| Male, % | 88.9 | 80.0 | 73.7 | .501 |
| IQa, Mean (SD) | 104.4 (15.4) | 104.3 (19.1) | 112.8 (10.8) | .168 |
| Race, % | .264 | |||
| White | 77.8 | 95.0 | 68.4 | |
| Black | 11.1 | 0 | 21.1 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | |
| Other> race | 5.6 | 5 | 10.5 | |
| Ethnicity, % | .593 | |||
| Hispanic | 5.6 | 5 | 0 | |
| Non-Hispanic | 94.4 | 95 | 100 | |
| CBCL Aggression T Score, Mean (SD) | 73.6 (9.1) | 50.7 (1.3) | 51.2 (3.0) | <.001b,c |
| CBCL Externalizing T Score, Mean (SD) | 69.3 (5.8) | 44.9 (7.1) | 41.1 (7.8) | <.001b,c |
| CBCL Internalizing T Score, Mean (SD) | 67.1 (8.6) | 54.3 (6.9) | 43.1 (6.5) | <.001b,d |
| ICU Total Score, Mean (SD) | 31.2 (10.5) | 22.5 (10.7) | 14.3 (6.7) | <.001b,c |
| ADOS-2 Module 3 Total Score, Mean (SD) | 15.7 (3.8) | 13.8 (6.1) | .263 | |
| Social Affect subscale score, mean (SD) | 11.9 (3.2) | 10.0 (3.5) | .086 | |
| Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors subscale score, mean (SD) | 3.78 (1.3) | 3.80 (4.2) | .983 | |
| ADI-R Subscale Scores, Mean (SD) | ||||
| Social interaction | 19.3 (5.2) | 18.6 (4.3) | .670 | |
| Communication | 15.2 (3.2) | 14.8 (4.1) | .727 | |
| Primary Comorbid Diagnosis (K-SADS), % | ||||
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 100 | 0 | <.001b | |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 83.3 | 35 | .003b | |
| Anxiety disorder | 27.8 | 0 | .011b | |
| Currently Taking Medication, % | 66.7 | 20 | .004b | |
| Type of Medication, % | ||||
| Stimulant | 33.3 | 10 | ||
| Antidepressant | 27.8 | 10 | ||
| Neuroleptic | 22.2 | 0 | ||
| Nonstimulant | 22.2 | 10 | ||
| Mood stabilizer | 16.7 | 0 | ||
| Benzodiazepine | 11.1 | 0 |
ASD+DB, autism spectrum disorder with co-occurring disruptive behavior disorder; ASD-only, autism spectrum disorder (without disruptive behavior); ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised; ADOS-2, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, second edition; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; ICU, Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits; K-SADS, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children; TD, typically developing.
Full-scale IQ measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.
Significant group differences at p < .05, Bonferroni corrected, except for χ2 test for categorical variables.
ASD+DB > ASD-only; ASD+DB > TD.
ASD+DB > ASD-only; ASD+DB > TD; ASD-only > TD.