Ahmed 2004.

Methods	RCT. Individual women. 2‐arm study.
Participants	Inclusion criteria Women having elective CS for various reasons. N = 200. Exclusion criteria Women who had received antibiotics within previous 2 weeks; had visible signs of infection; elevated temperature; allergic to the antimicrobials used.
Interventions	Intervention: cephalosporin (B3). Ceftriaxone. 1 g single dose. N = 100. Comparison: penicillin (A4) combination. Ampicillin + cloxacillin. 1 g ‐ every 8 hours (3 doses). N = 100.
Outcomes	Post‐operative febrile morbidity; post‐operative infection; endometritis; wound infection; pelvic abscess; peritonitis; other febrile morbidity.
Notes	Dates: January to June 2001 Setting: Wad Medani Teaching Hospital, Central Sudan. Subgroups Elective CS. Before cord clamping. IV administration. Single dose cephalosporin vs multiple dose penicillin. Comparisons: 1 (subgroup 2); 2; 3; 4; 10. "The drugs were donated by Alhikma Company, Wad Medani, Sudan."
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	“...were randomised...”
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	“...were randomised...”
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not blinded and the drug regimens were different, one a single dose, the other 3 doses.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No loss to follow‐up.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	We did not assess trial protocol.
Other bias	Unclear risk	No statistical differences in admission variables between the two groups. Data and P values provided on temperature, weight, gestational age, pre‐operative Hb. However, other aspects of bias unclear. · "The drugs were donated by Alhikma Company, Wad Medani, Sudan." but it seems unclear whether this might give the company any influence or not.