Adsit 2014.

Methods	Country: USA Setting: Madison, Wisconsin Design: 18 month before and after study measuring change in referral to a telephone quitline.
Participants	Two clinics within a healthcare system: Primary care clinic with 7 physicians; Pulmonary care clinic with 6 physicians.
Interventions	EHR was modified to prompt clinic staff to offer a quitline referral. Secure link was established between patient record and quitline.
Outcomes	Proportion of patients who smoke referred to quitline; acceptance rate by the patient. Data obtained from medical and administrative records.
Notes	Designed as a case study without empirical testing.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	No control group
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	As above
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Personnel not blind to change in EHR by design, risk of bias judged low
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Objective data obtained from medical and administrative records using an automated reporting system.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Data were based on electronic records for all patients with a visit.