Manzone 1999.

Methods	RCT. Two‐arm parallel‐group design
Participants	20 participants with 30 CTEV feet Inclusion criteria: resistant CTEV which had not undergone prior conservative treatment Exclusion criteria: none stated PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS Age mean (range) in months: 7.7 (3.5 to 19) Sex male (%): 75% Characteristics of feet: 13 right, 17 left; 20 of these were bilateral, 10 were unilateral Basline severity: unknown. Groups were matched for birthweight, age of treatment (between 3 months and walking age), weight at surgery, neurologic skills development at surgery, geographic origin, socioeconomic status and associated pathologies PMR Characteristics of feet: 15 feet in total (12 participants), 6 bilateral, 5 unilateral. The remaining 4 feet (2 participants) were bilateral cases where one foot was randomised to each group Baseline severity: not stated CCSR Characteristics of feet: 15 feet in total (12 participants), 6 bilateral, 5 unilateral. The remaining 4 feet (2 participants) were bilateral cases where one foot was randomised to each group Baseline severity: not stated
Interventions	PMR versus CCSR Randomisation of feet The PMR was completed as described by Turco with some modifications. A long leg cast is worn for 6 weeks postoperatively. Kirschner wires are then removed and a short leg plaster is worn for a further 4 weeks. Following this an AFO is worn at night The CCSR was completed according to McKay and Simmons using a Cincinnati approach with modifications. The Achilles tendon underwent Z‐lengthening, all posteromedial tendons underwent z‐plasty. The posterior tibiofibular ligament and plantar fascia were only occasionally cut. The interosseous talocalcaneal ligament was never incised. A long leg plaster with the foot in equinus was in situ for 7 to 10 days postoperatively. This was then changed to a long leg cast with the foot in dorsiflexion for a further 5 weeks. The Kirschner wires were then withdrawn and a short leg cast was worn for a further 4 weeks All participants underwent the same long‐term postoperative care; however, it was not stated if AFO worn in CCSR group Follow‐up in months (range): 27 (18 to 40)
Outcomes	Radiographic
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method of randomisation not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Intervention provider unable to be blinded. Participant blinding unlikely to affect outcome. Insufficient information regarding assessor blinding
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No missing data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unsure of time of postoperative x‐ray, unsure which groups had adverse outcomes
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unsure of baseline severity