Zeifang 2005.

Methods	RCT, two‐arm parallel group design
Participants	36 participants with 36 CTEV feet who presented to a single centre Inclusion criteria: idiopathic CTEV. Failed conservative treatment for 6 months. Dimeglio grade III. Underwent posteromedial lateral release Exclusion criteria: none stated PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS In bilateral cases, one foot was randomly selected by tossing a coin 1 bilateral case with early relapse was excluded prior to data analysis (leaving 37 participants with 37 feet for analysis) Age mean (range) in months: 8.2 (5 to 12) Sex male (%): 71% CPM Characteristics of feet: 18 feet Immobilisation in a cast Characteristics of feet: 19 feet
Interventions	CPM versus immobilisation in a cast, after surgery for resistant CTEV Randomisation of participants. However, bilateral feet received the same postoperative management. In both groups a cast was applied postoperatively for the first 10 days. Kirschner wires were removed from all feet 2 weeks postoperatively In the casting group, casting for another 4.5 weeks was undertaken In the CPM group, computer‐assisted 3‐dimensional therapy using a Kinetic 5090 Ankle CPM machine was used with a standardised protocol. CPM was applied for 4 hours per day. During rest periods, removable splints were applied 6 weeks after surgery, all feet were treated with a brace at night. Physiotherapy was provided to both groups for a further 6 months. When the participants began to walk, they were provided with heel cups to place in conventional shoes Follow‐up: 48 months
Outcomes	Dimeglio scale
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer number generation
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Intervention provider could not be blinded. Assessors were blinded. Participant and carer blinding not possible, which could affect outcome
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Two feet were lost to follow‐up. One participant was excluded after randomisation and removed from data analysis
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Compliance with CPM unclear. No measurement of pain postoperatively
Other bias	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement