2. Nutshell of Effects of Interventions.

		Placebo	GTN only	GTN injector	GTN + dilator	BTX	CCB	LIGN	HC	Surgery
GTN		0.35; 0.19 ‐ 0.66		3.33; 0.46 ‐ 24	3.7; 104 ‐ 13.65	0.66; 0.2 ‐ 1.57	0.88; 0.54 ‐ 1.42	0.21; 0.12 ‐ 0.38		7.49; 4.29 ‐ 13.07
BTX		0.29; 0.02 ‐ 3.61	1.91; 0.62 ‐ 5.88							7.20; 3.97 ‐ 13.07
CCB		0.10; 0.03 ‐ 0.34				3.52; 0.92 ‐ 13.31		0.05; 0.02 ‐ 0.12		59.8; 15.5 ‐ 231
Surgery
LIGN		0.32; 0.03 ‐ 1.02
HC								3.33; 1.14 ‐ 9.77
BRAN		0.1; 0.03 ‐ 0.34						3.33; 1.14 ‐ 9.77	1.00; 0.31 ‐ 3.23
dilator			3.39; 1.24 ‐ 9.25
GTN patch			1.07; 0.5 ‐ 2.27
GTN dose *			0.91; 0.57 ‐ 1.45
BTX dose *						1.93: 0.75 ‐ 4.93
BTX site **						4.89; 1.1 ‐ 20.8
SIL ***		0.00; 0 ‐ 0.05
IND		2.40; 0.16 ‐ 34.9
MIN								1.04; 0.35 ‐ 3.12
Clove Oil								0.09; 0.02 ‐ 0.37
ARG										3.60; 1.22 ‐ 10.64
GTN + BTX						2.41; 0.52 ‐ 11.1
ALL MEDs										10; 6.67 ‐ 14.3
healer cream			0.17; 0.34 ‐ 0.92					0.05; 0.01 ‐ 0.27
ISMN		0.17; 0.03 ‐ 0.89	1.25; 0.34 ‐ 4.64
CCB pill							3.15; 0.99 ‐ 3.12

GTN: glyceryl trinitrate. CCB: calcium channel blocker, either nifedipine or diltiazem. LIGN: lignocaine. IND: indoramine. ARG: arginine. SIL: sildenafil. ISMN: isosorbide mononitrate. MIN: minoxidil. HC: hydrocortisone.

All of the above as well as clove oil and "healer cream" applied topically around or in the anus.

BTX: botulinum toxin, applied by injection between anal sphincters or in the internal sphincter.

Surgery: Any surgical procedure except simple non‐manual dilation. In all cases this is some form of internal anal sphincterotomy

ALL MEDs: any medication compared in an RCT to any surgical procedure ‐ which is some form of sphincterotomy.

*; Dose comparisons are simply high versus low. In an additional non‐comparable BTX study, the OR was 1.36; 0.3‐6.43

**; BTX site compared injection into the internal sphincter either antriorly, which was preferred, or posteriorly.

***; The outstanding results of this intervention are largely due to a 0% placebo response rate (see text).