Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analyses Showing Associations Among Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Factors with Chronic Kidney Disease Among the Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
| Univariate | Multivariate Model 1 | Multivariate Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| NAFLD (yes versus no) | 3.47 (2.69–4.47) | <0.0001 | 1.83 (1.38–2.42) | <0.0001 | 1.59 (1.12–2.25) | 0.009 |
| Age (per year) | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | <0.0001 |
| Gender (male versus female) | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) | 0.143 | 0.91 (0.74–1.13) | 0.407 | 0.58 (0.42–0.80) | 0.001 |
| Smoking (yes versus no) | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) | 0.207 | 1.13 (0.80–1.59) | 0.491 | 1.24 (0.82–1.88) | 0.317 |
| Diabetes duration (per year) | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.021 |
| Obesity (yes versus no) | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | <0.0001 | 1.92 (1.56–2.38) | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.03–1.76)a | 0.030 |
| Body mass index (per unit) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.06–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.06)b | 0.040 |
| Systolic blood pressure (per unit) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.966 |
| LDL-cholesterol (per unit) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.532 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.008 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.493 |
| Triglycerides (per unit) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (per unit) | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) | <0.0001 | 1.27 (1.18–1.38) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.140 |
| Uric acid (per unit) | 1.79 (1.66–1.94) | <0.0001 | 1.90(1.75–2.07) | <0.0001 | 1.80 (1.64–1.96) | <0.0001 |
| SGPT (per unit) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.004 | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin treatment (yes versus no) | 2.22 (1.79–2.75) | <0.0001 | 2.59 (2.05–3.28) | <0.0001 | 1.76 (1.28–2.42) | 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive treatment (yes versus no) | 2.93 (2.40–3.59) | <0.0001 | 2.49 (2.02–3.08) | <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.27–2.15) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering treatment (yes versus no) | 1.44 (1.16–1.80) | 0.001 | 1.40 (1.11–1.77) | 0.005 | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 0.197 |
Notes: Multivariate model 1: Adjusted for age and gender. Multivariate model 2: All covariates were used for analysis. aIn multiple logistic regression analysis, all covariates except body mass index were used for analysis. bIn multiple logistic regression analysis, all covariates except obesity were used for analysis. CKD was defined as eGFR<60 mL/min per 1.73m2.
Abbreviations: NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SGPT, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; OR, odds ratio.