Table 1.

Application and Mechanism of Glioma Drug Delivery Systems

NDDS	Types	Mechanisms	Ref.
PTDDS
Liposomes	Phospholipid bilayer	EPR effect/across the endothelial cells of BBB	46,47
Microemulsions	P-gp/endocytosis	EPR effect/inhibition of P-gp efflux/across the endothelial cells of BBB	49,51
Niosome	P-gp	EPR effect/inhibition of P-gp efflux	87,88
Nanoparticles	Endothelial cells	EPR effect/transcytosis or endocytosis	57,59
ATDDS
Receptor-mediated	Insulin	Endocytosis/insulin receptor	89
	Transferrin	Endocytosis/transferrin receptor	71
	Lactoferrin	Endocytosis/lactoferrin receptor	73,74
	Endothelial growth factors	Endocytosis/endothelial growth factors receptor	90
	Amino acids	Endocytosis/amino acids receptor	91
	Apolipoproteins/ angiopep-2	Endocytosis/low density lipoprotein receptor	92,93
	H-ferritin	Endocytosis/HFn receptor (transferrin receptor 1)	72
Peptide-mediated	iRGD	Endocytosis/αvβ3/αvβ5	78
	RDP	Endocytosis/nerve-penetrating properties	82,83
	Chlorotoxin	Endocytosis/ matrix metalloproteinase-2	54
	T7	Endocytosis/transferrin receptor	94
	CDX peptide	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors	95
	F3	Bind to nucleolin	96
	CendR motif	Neuropilin-1/across the endothelial cells	97
Small molecule-mediated	Folic acid	Folate receptor	85
Apt-mediated	AS1411/FB4	Recognize proteins/phospholipids/ nucleic acids	98,99
Cytokine-mediated	Interleukin-13	IL-13Rα2 receptor	100
Matrix metalloproteinases-mediated	MMP-9	Key modulators of tumor invasion/ metastasis	101
Cell-mediated	Mesenchymal stem cells	Endocytosis/across the endothelial cells of BBB	102
	Macrophages	Endocytosis/across the endothelial cells of BBB	103
Dual targeting-mediated	Transferrin-folic acid	Promote drug across BBB/targeting tumor cells	66
	Ang-2-VEGF receptors	Endothelial growth factors receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor	104
	T7-DA7R-LS	Transferrin receptor/VEGF receptor 2	105
	Thermosensitive-P1NS	Winding-contraction phase transition /nerve-penetrating properties	106
	Transferrin-pH	Promote drug across BBB/pH difference	107
	pH-reduction	pH difference and glutathione/dithiothreitol	108
ERTDDS
Photo-sensitive	Photosensitizer/photothermal agent	ROS/singlet oxygen/local hyperthermia	109–111
pH-sensitive	Acidic microenvironment	pH difference	112
Reduction-sensitive	Disulfide bond	Glutathione/dithiothreitol	113,114
Magnetic sensitive	Magnetic resonance	The magnetic field	115
Ultrasonic sensitive	Ultrasonic	Ultrasonic cavitation effect	116
Thermo-sensitive	Hydrogen bonding	Winding-contraction phase transition	106