Table 1.
Clinical features of patients with HFpEF at first LVEF assessment, and changes in LVEF observed at second assessment (n=1082)
| pEF (=758) | mrEF (=138) | rEF (=186) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 67.8±14.5 | 67.5±13.2 | 65.2±15.8 | 0.086 |
| Male gender (n, %) | 404 (53.3) | 87 (63.0) | 123 (66.1) | 0.002 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5±4.3 | 23.1±3.8 | 22.6±3.6* | 0.025 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 130.4±30.2 | 135.2±30.8 | 130.1±33.3 | 0.223 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 72.8±31.2 | 74.7±24.5 | 74.8±22.9 | 0.610 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 75.5±23.8 | 77.5±24.6** | 86.6±25.3** | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class III/IV (n, %) | 26 (3.4) | 2 (1.4) | 7 (3.8) | 0.435 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Coronary artery disease (n, %) | 187 (24.7) | 44 (31.9) | 78 (41.9) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation (n, %) | 290 (38.3) | 64 (46.4) | 86 (46.2) | 0.048 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 521 (68.7) | 94 (68.1) | 140 (75.3) | 0.199 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 248 (32.7) | 51 (37.0) | 83 (44.8) | 0.009 |
| Dyslipidaemia (n, %) | 524 (69.1) | 113 (81.9) | 134 (72.0) | 0.009 |
| Chronic kidney disease (n, %) | 353 (46.6) | 80 (58.0) | 109 (58.6) | 0.002 |
| Anaemia (n, %) | 381 (50.3) | 82 (59.4) | 120 (64.5) | 0.001 |
| Hyperurecaemia (n, %) | 375 (49.5) | 92 (66.7) | 135 (72.6) | <0.001 |
| Sleep-disordered breathing (n, %) | 253 (33.4) | 62 (44.9) | 99 (53.2) | <0.001 |
| COPD (n, %) | 171 (22.6) | 35 (25.4) | 51 (27.4) | 0.337 |
| Peripheral artery disease (n, %) | 67 (8.8) | 12 (8.7) | 25 (13.4) | 0.150 |
| Smoking (n, %) | 385 (51.7) | 78 (58.2) | 95 (51.4) | 0.359 |
| Alcohol (n, %) | 69 (9.3) | 16 (11.9) | 12 (6.5) | 0.240 |
| Treatment | ||||
| RAS inhibitor (n, %) | 484 (63.9) | 97 (70.3) | 146 (78.5) | <0.001 |
| Mineral receptor antagonist (n, %) | 215 (28.4) | 54 (39.1) | 101 (54.3) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker (n, %) | 322 (42.5) | 54 (39.1) | 73 (39.2) | 0.604 |
| Beta blocker (n, %) | 440 (58.0) | 111 (80.4) | 155 (83.3) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic (n, %) | 415 (54.7) | 93 (67.4) | 147 (79.0) | <0.001 |
| Statin (n, %) | 295 (39.6) | 56 (41.8) | 75 (40.5) | 0.882 |
| Digitalis (n, %) | 86 (11.5) | 11 (8.2) | 21 (11.4) | 0.523 |
| Amiodarone (n, %) | 55 (7.3) | 14 (10.1) | 36 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet agent (n, %) | 353 (46.6) | 83 (60.1) | 114 (61.3) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant (n, %) | 39 6 (52.2) | 95 (68.8) | 126 (67.7) | <0.001 |
| PCI (n, %) | 123 (16.2) | 40 (29.0) | 59 (31.7) | <0.001 |
| Catheter ablation (n, %) | 82 (10.8) | 10 (7.2) | 19 (10.2) | 0.445 |
| ICD (n, %) | 91 (12.2) | 16 (11.9) | 26 (14.1) | 0.778 |
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs pEF, †p<0.05 and ††p<0.01 vs mrEF.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved LVEF; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; mrEF, mid-range LVEF at second assessment; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; pEF, remained preserved LVEF at second assessment; RAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; rEF, reduced LVEF at second assessment.