Table 3. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses of the predictors of headache-related impact in TTH.
| Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | 95% CI | p | B | SE | β | 95% CI | p | |
| Age | -0.042 | 0.068 | -0.055 | -0.177 to 0.092 | 0.532 | -0.075 | 0.056 | -0.097 | -0.187 to 0.037 | 0.189 |
| Female sex | 0.706 | 1.791 | 0.035 | -2.837 to 4.249 | 0.694 | 1.079 | 1.502 | 0.054 | -1.898 to 4.055 | 0.474 |
| Disease duration | 0.122 | 0.141 | 0.078 | -0.157 to 0.401 | 0.388 | 0.017 | 0.112 | 0.011 | -0.205 to 0.239 | 0.879 |
| Headache frequency | 0.319 | 0.074 | 0.357 | 0.174 to 0.465 | <0.001 | 0.254 | 0.064 | 0.292 | 0.128 to 0.381 | <0.001 |
| Chronic TTH* | 5.404 | 1.721 | 0.266 | 1.999 to 8.810 | 0.002 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Headache severity | 2.974 | 0.398 | 0.549 | 2.186 to 3.762 | <0.001 | 2.554 | 0.401 | 0.466 | 1.759 to 3.349 | <0.001 |
| PSQI | 0.849 | 0.247 | 0.289 | 0.360 to 1.339 | 0.001 | 0.619 | 0.222 | 0.217 | 0.179 to 1.059 | 0.006 |
| HADS-D score | 0.624 | 0.220 | 0.248 | 0.188 to 1.060 | 0.005 | 0.291 | 0.241 | 0.115 | -0.188 to 0.769 | 0.231 |
| HADS-A score | 0.265 | 0.202 | 0.118 | -0.135 to 0.664 | 0.192 | -0.114 | 0.211 | -0.051 | -0.533 to 0.305 | 0.592 |
*Chronic TTH was not included in the multivariable model because the disease duration, headache frequency, and chronic migraine are closely linked. B: unstandardized regression coefficient, CI: confidence interval, HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Anxiety, HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SE: standard error of B, TTH: tension-type headache, β: standardized regression coefficient.