Table 5. Primary and secondary outcome measures.
| Instrument or method (with score range, assessor) | |
|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | |
| Feasibility | Retention rate |
| Adherence rate | |
| Total scale index score of the RBANS | |
| Secondary outcomes | |
| Cognition | MMSE (range 0–30)14 |
| Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes (range 0–18)30 | |
| Prospective Memory Test (range 0–12)7,31 | |
| Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (range 16–80, participant & informant)32 | |
| Cognitive Complaint Interview (range 0–10, participant)33 | |
| Mood | Geriatric Depression Scale-15 items (range 0–15, participant)34 |
| Disability | Bayer Activities of Daily Living (range 1–10, informant)35 |
| Quality of life | Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (range 0–52, participant & informant)36 |
| Physical function | Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (participant)37 |
| Short Physical Performance Battery (range 0–12)38 | |
| Korean National Physical Performance Evaluation Program* | |
| Nutrition | Nutrition Quotient for Elderly (range 0–100, participant)39 |
| Mini Nutritional Assessment (range 0–14)40 | |
| Food Frequency Questionnaire | |
| Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and 25-OH vitamin D levels | |
| Vascular risk factors | Blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol consumption, lipid profile, hemoglobin A1c, glucose, other inflammation biomarkers, and lipid and glucose metabolism |
| Motivation | Motivational Enhancement Program Questionnaire (participant)41,42,43,44 |
| Sleep | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (participant)45 |
| Progression | Conversion to mild cognitive impairment or dementia46,47,48 |
| Exploratory outcomes | Electroencephalography |
| Brain MRI: 3D T1-weighted imaging, DTI, and resting-state functional imaging | |
| Actigraphy | |
| Telomere length | |
| Neurotrophic factors: brain-derived neurotropic factor, VEGF, insulin-like growth factor 1 | |
| Neurodegeneration factors: neurogranin, TREM-2, YKL-40, neurofilament light chain Neuroinflammation factors: interleukin-18, transforming growth factor-β, MCP-1 | |
| Plasma amyloid-β42 | |
| Microbiome |
*Consisting of grip power, sit-to-stand movements for 30 seconds, walking in one place for 2 minutes, bending the upper body forward, standing on one foot while lifting the other knee up, fast walking along a figure-of-eight trajectory, and bioelectrical impedance analysis.
DTI: diffusion-tensor imaging, MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination, RBANS: Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, TREM-2: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, YKL-40: chitinase-3-like protein 1.