Table 2.
Primers used for detection of genes encoding resistance to different antimicrobials
| Gene | Primer | DNA sequence (5′ → 3′) | Size (bp) | Thermocycling conditions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UidA | UidAF | 5′‐ATGGAATTTCGCCGATTTTGC‐3′ | 194 | 95°C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 60°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 7 min | Heijnen and Medema (2006) |
| UidAR | 5′‐ATTGTTTGCCTCCCTGCTGC‐3′ | ||||
| tetA | tetA‐F | 5′‐GCTACATCCTGCTTGCCTTC‐3′ | 210 | 95°C for 5 min, 30 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 5 min | Ng, Martin, Alfo, and Mulvey (2001) |
| tetA‐R | 5′‐CATAGATCGCCGTGAAGAGG‐3′ | Ng et al. (2001) | |||
| tetB | tetB‐F | 5′‐TTGGTTAGGGGCAAGTTTTG‐3′ | 659 | Ng et al. (2001) | |
| tetB‐R | 5′‐GTAATGGGCCAATAACACCG‐3′ | Ng et al. (2001) | |||
| tetC | tetC‐F | 5′‐CTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAG‐3′ | 418 | Sáenz et al. (2004) | |
| tetC‐R | 5′‐ATGGTCGTCATCTACCTGCC‐3′ | Sáenz et al. (2004) | |||
| bla TEM | bla TEM‐F | 5′‐TTGGGTGCACGACTGGGT‐3′ | 503 | 95°C for 5 min, 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 60°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 5 min | Knapp, Dolfing, Ehlert, and Graham (2010) |
| bla TEM‐R | 5′‐TAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGC‐3′ | Knapp et al. (2010) | |||
| bla PSE | bla PSE ‐F | 5′‐CGCTTCGGGTTAACAAGTAC‐3′ | 419 | Zhi, Xi, and Shen (2009) | |
| bla PSE ‐R | 5′‐CTGGTTCATTTCAGATAGCG‐3′ | Zhi et al. (2009) | |||
| bla OXA | bla OXA‐F | 5′‐AGCAGCGCCAGTGCATCA‐3′ | 708 | Guerra et al. (2003( | |
| bla OXA‐R | 5′‐ATTCGACCCCAAGTTTCC‐3′ | Guerra et al. (2003) | |||
| floR | floR‐F | 5′‐CACGTTGAGCCTCTATAT‐3′ | 868 | 95°C for 5 min, 30 cycles of 94°C for1 min, 52°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min | Sáenz et al. (2004) |
| floR‐R | 5′‐ATGCAGAAGTAGAACGCG‐3′ | Sáenz et al. (2004) | |||
| sul1 | Sul1‐F | 5′‐CGGCGTGGGCTACCTGAACG‐3′ | 433 | 94°C for 5 min, 30 cycles of 94°C for 15 s, 69°C for 30 s, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 7 min | Sáenz et al. (2004) |
| Sul1‐R | 5′‐GCCGATCGCGTGAAGTTCCG‐3′ | Sáenz et al. (2004) | |||
| sul2 | Sul2‐F | 5′‐GCGCTCAAGGCAGATGGCATT‐3′ | 285 | Sáenz et al. (2004) | |
| Sul2‐R | 5′‐GCGTTTGATACCGGCACCCGT‐3′ | Sáenz et al. (2004) | |||
| aad Ala | aad Ala ‐F | 5′‐AACGACCTTTTGGAAACTTCGG−3′ | 352 | 94°C for 10 min, 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min | Sáenz et al. (2004) |
| aad Ala ‐R | 5′‐TTCGCTCATCGCCAGCCCAG‐3′ | Sáenz et al. (2004) | |||
| aadB | AadB‐F | 5′‐GGGCGCGTCATGGAGGAGTT‐3′ | 329 | 94°C for 10 min, 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 65°C for 30 s, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min | Rosengren, Waldner, and Reid‐Smith (2009) |
| aadB‐R | 5′‐TATCGCGACCTGAAAGCGGC‐3′ | Rosengren et al. (2009) | |||
| strA | StrA‐F | 5′‐CCTGGTGATAACGGCAATTC‐3′ | 546 | 95°C for 4 min, 35 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 7 min | Rosengren et al. (2009) |
| StrA‐R | 5′‐CCAATCGCAGATAGAAGGC‐3′ | Rosengren et al. (2009) | |||
| strB | StrB‐F | 5′‐ATCGTCAAGGGATTGAAACC‐3′ | 509 | Rosengren et al. (2009) | |
| StrB‐R | 5′‐GGATCGTAGAACATATTGGC‐3′ | Rosengren et al. (2009) |