Table 4.
Indications or experiences of kidney biopsy for patients at high risk
| Kidney biopsy | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risks | Echo-guided (%) | Open (%) | Laparoscopic (%) | Total (%) | ||||
| NF | PF | NF | PF | NF | PF | NF | PF | |
| Unilateral kidney or unilateral atrophic or hypoplastic kidney | 15 | 12 | 20 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 42 | 33 |
| Bilateral atrophic or hypoplastic kidney | 18 | 14 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 25 | 22 |
| Horseshoe kidney | 7 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 10 |
| Cystic kidney disease, including ADPKD, ARPKD, nephronophthisis, and ADTKD | 11 | 31 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 35 |
| Hydronephrosis, including retroperitoneal fibrosis and lupus cystitis | 12 | 21 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 24 |
| Malignant hypertension, including scleroderma crisis | 52 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 54 | 2 |
| Platelet count less than 50,000, including APS, HUS/TTP, TAFRO | 23 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 27 | 16 |
| Pregnancy | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Severe obesity | 49 | 19 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 53 | 21 |
NF nephrology facilities for adult patients, PF pediatric nephrology facilities for child and adolescent patients, ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, ADTKD autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease, APS antiphospholipid syndrome, HUS hemolytic uremic syndrome, TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, TAFRO thrombocytopenia, anasarca, myelofibrosis, renal dysfunction, and organomegaly