Table 4.
z-scores | Unadjusted (1) | Adjusted (2) | Adjusted (3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight-for-height | Weight-for-age | Height-for-age | Weight-for-height | Weight-for-age | Height-for-age | Weight-for-height | Weight-for-age | Height-for-age | |
Milk consumption | |||||||||
6–23 months of age | |||||||||
0.0312*** | 0.3275*** | 0.4663*** | 0.0809*** | 0.0727*** | 0.0260 | 0.0692*** | 0.0481*** | 0.0028 | |
CI 95% | [0.02,0.04] | [0.32,0.34] | [0.46,0.48] | [0.05,0.11] | [0.05,0.10] | [−0.01,0.06] | [0.04,0.10] | [0.02,0.07] | [−0.03,0.03] |
P | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1184 | 0.0000 | 0.0002 | 0.8622 |
24–59 months of age | |||||||||
0.2794*** | 0.2807*** | 0.1501*** | −0.0841*** | 0.0314* | 0.1469*** | −0.1129*** | 0.0028 | 0.1384*** | |
CI 95% | [0.27,0.29] | [0.27,0.29] | [0.14,0.16] | [−0.12,−0.05] | [0.00,0.06] | [0.12,0.17] | [−0.15,−0.07] | [−0.03,0.03] | [0.11,0.17] |
P | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0257 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.8646 | 0.0000 |
N | 889,710 | 919,973 | 895,599 | 668,463 | 693,376 | 673,177 | 487,289 | 500,389 | 490,227 |
Moderate Undernutrition | Wasting | Underweight | Stunting | Wasting | Underweight | Stunting | Wasting | Underweight | Stunting |
Milk consumption (AMEs) | |||||||||
6–23 months of age | |||||||||
0.0091*** | −0.0542*** | −0.1178*** | −0.0189*** | −0.0245*** | −0.0067* | −0.0104** | −0.0150*** | 0.0005 | |
CI 95% | [0.01,0.01] | [−0.06,−0.05] | [−0.12,−0.11] | [−0.03,−0.01] | [−0.03,−0.02] | [−0.01,−0.00] | [−0.02,−0.00] | [−0.02,−0.01] | [−0.01,0.01] |
P | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0101 | 0.0097 | 0.0000 | 0.8670 |
24–59 months of age | |||||||||
−0.0486*** | −0.0683*** | −0.0693*** | 0.0133*** | −0.0186*** | −0.0466*** | 0.0221*** | −0.0122** | −0.0444*** | |
CI 95% | [−0.05,−0.05] | [−0.07,−0.07] | [−0.07,−0.07] | [0.01,0.02] | [−0.02,−0.01] | [−0.05,−0.04] | [0.01,0.03] | [−0.02,−0.00] | [−0.05,−0.04] |
P | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0003 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0062 | 0.0000 |
N | 889,710 | 919,973 | 895,599 | 321,811 | 462,182 | 541,362 | 203,459 | 301,037 | 371,499 |
Severe undernutrition | Sev. Wasting | Sev. Underweight | Sev. Stunting | Sev. Wasting | Sev. Underweight | Sev. Stunting | Sev. Wasting | Sev. Underweight | Sev. Stunting |
Milk consumption (AMEs) | |||||||||
6–23 months of age | |||||||||
0.0033*** | −0.0195*** | −0.0695*** | −0.0139** | −0.0270*** | −0.0043 | −0.0102 | −0.0159** | 0.0037 | |
CI 95% | [0.00,0.00] | [−0.02,−0.02] | [−0.07,−0.07] | [−0.02,−0.00] | [−0.04,−0.02] | [−0.01,0.00] | [−0.02,0.00] | [−0.03,−0.01] | [−0.00,0.01] |
P | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0062 | 0.0000 | 0.2027 | 0.0827 | 0.0015 | 0.3293 |
24–59 months of age | |||||||||
−0.0200*** | −0.0305*** | −0.0494*** | 0.0093 | −0.0234*** | −0.0425*** | 0.0139* | −0.0206** | −0.0430*** | |
CI 95% | [−0.02,−0.02] | [−0.03,−0.03] | [−0.05,−0.05] | [−0.00,0.02] | [−0.03,−0.01] | [−0.05,−0.04] | [0.00,0.03] | [−0.03,−0.01] | [−0.05,−0.03] |
P | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0944 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0480 | 0.0018 | 0.0000 |
N | 889,710 | 919,973 | 895,599 | 184,153 | 295,216 | 421,668 | 103,625 | 172,319 | 274,003 |
Covariates in adjusted models: Sex of child, age of child, birth order, part of a multiple birth, child currently breastfed, duration of breastfeeding in months, education of mother, age of mother at birth, current partnership status of mother, wealth quintiles. Third specification additionally controls for a minimum acceptable diet. All adjusted models include fixed effects on the PSU level. AMEs are based on logistic regression in the first specification and on conditional logistic regression in the second and third specification. Standard errors are clustered at the PSU-level. Standard errors of adjusted models for continuous outcomes are clustered on the country level. Estimates are unweighted.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.