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. 2020 Apr 21;10:6730. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63647-8

Table 4.

Association Between Milk Consumption and Undernutrition in different Age Categories.

z-scores Unadjusted (1) Adjusted (2) Adjusted (3)
Weight-for-height Weight-for-age Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age Height-for-age
Milk consumption
6–23 months of age
0.0312*** 0.3275*** 0.4663*** 0.0809*** 0.0727*** 0.0260 0.0692*** 0.0481*** 0.0028
CI 95% [0.02,0.04] [0.32,0.34] [0.46,0.48] [0.05,0.11] [0.05,0.10] [−0.01,0.06] [0.04,0.10] [0.02,0.07] [−0.03,0.03]
P 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1184 0.0000 0.0002 0.8622
24–59 months of age
0.2794*** 0.2807*** 0.1501*** −0.0841*** 0.0314* 0.1469*** −0.1129*** 0.0028 0.1384***
CI 95% [0.27,0.29] [0.27,0.29] [0.14,0.16] [−0.12,−0.05] [0.00,0.06] [0.12,0.17] [−0.15,−0.07] [−0.03,0.03] [0.11,0.17]
P 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0257 0.0000 0.0000 0.8646 0.0000
N 889,710 919,973 895,599 668,463 693,376 673,177 487,289 500,389 490,227
Moderate Undernutrition Wasting Underweight Stunting Wasting Underweight Stunting Wasting Underweight Stunting
Milk consumption (AMEs)
6–23 months of age
0.0091*** −0.0542*** −0.1178*** −0.0189*** −0.0245*** −0.0067* −0.0104** −0.0150*** 0.0005
CI 95% [0.01,0.01] [−0.06,−0.05] [−0.12,−0.11] [−0.03,−0.01] [−0.03,−0.02] [−0.01,−0.00] [−0.02,−0.00] [−0.02,−0.01] [−0.01,0.01]
P 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0101 0.0097 0.0000 0.8670
24–59 months of age
−0.0486*** −0.0683*** −0.0693*** 0.0133*** −0.0186*** −0.0466*** 0.0221*** −0.0122** −0.0444***
CI 95% [−0.05,−0.05] [−0.07,−0.07] [−0.07,−0.07] [0.01,0.02] [−0.02,−0.01] [−0.05,−0.04] [0.01,0.03] [−0.02,−0.00] [−0.05,−0.04]
P 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0062 0.0000
N 889,710 919,973 895,599 321,811 462,182 541,362 203,459 301,037 371,499
Severe undernutrition Sev. Wasting Sev. Underweight Sev. Stunting Sev. Wasting Sev. Underweight Sev. Stunting Sev. Wasting Sev. Underweight Sev. Stunting
Milk consumption (AMEs)
6–23 months of age
0.0033*** −0.0195*** −0.0695*** −0.0139** −0.0270*** −0.0043 −0.0102 −0.0159** 0.0037
CI 95% [0.00,0.00] [−0.02,−0.02] [−0.07,−0.07] [−0.02,−0.00] [−0.04,−0.02] [−0.01,0.00] [−0.02,0.00] [−0.03,−0.01] [−0.00,0.01]
P 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0062 0.0000 0.2027 0.0827 0.0015 0.3293
24–59 months of age
−0.0200*** −0.0305*** −0.0494*** 0.0093 −0.0234*** −0.0425*** 0.0139* −0.0206** −0.0430***
CI 95% [−0.02,−0.02] [−0.03,−0.03] [−0.05,−0.05] [−0.00,0.02] [−0.03,−0.01] [−0.05,−0.04] [0.00,0.03] [−0.03,−0.01] [−0.05,−0.03]
P 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0944 0.0000 0.0000 0.0480 0.0018 0.0000
N 889,710 919,973 895,599 184,153 295,216 421,668 103,625 172,319 274,003

Covariates in adjusted models: Sex of child, age of child, birth order, part of a multiple birth, child currently breastfed, duration of breastfeeding in months, education of mother, age of mother at birth, current partnership status of mother, wealth quintiles. Third specification additionally controls for a minimum acceptable diet. All adjusted models include fixed effects on the PSU level. AMEs are based on logistic regression in the first specification and on conditional logistic regression in the second and third specification. Standard errors are clustered at the PSU-level. Standard errors of adjusted models for continuous outcomes are clustered on the country level. Estimates are unweighted.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.