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. 2020 Apr 21;10:6718. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63648-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scatter plot of the relationship between LL-5 and the three parameters. (a) LL-5 and the SP-5/ASC-5 ratio, R = −0.80 (p < 0.001). (b) LL-5 and normalized SP-5 (SP-5/L3-l), R = −0.43 (p < 0.001). (c) LL-5 and normalized ASC-5 (ASC-5/L3-l), R = 0.36 (p < 0.001). LL-5: the angle between intersecting lines drawn through the centres of the anterior and posterior walls of the vertebral bodies of L1 and L5. SP-5: the height of the caudal part of the L1 spinous process + whole spinous process heights of L2, L3 and L4+ the height of the rostral part of the L5 spinous process. ASC-5; the sum of the distances between the centres of the adjacent vertebral bodies of L1-L2 through L4-L5. L3-l; L3 vertebral body antero-posterior width.