Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Variables* | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|
| (N = 4,823,707) | (N = 4,862,607) | |
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years) | 54.8 ± 10.7 | 56.4 ± 10.5 |
| Height (cm) | 168.5 ± 6.1 | 155.2 ± 5.8 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.9 ± 9.8 | 57.2 ± 8.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 2.9 | 23.7 ± 3.1 |
| Smoking | ||
| Non-smoker | 1,509,123 (31.3) | 4,698,860 (96.6) |
| Ex-smoker | 1,620,472 (33.6) | 55,928 (1.2) |
| Current smoker | 1,694,112 (35.1) | 107,819 (2.2) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||
| Complete or near abstinence | 1,729,711 (35.9) | 3,964,178 (81.5) |
| Mild to moderate consumption | 2,582,821 (53.5) | 875,436 (18.0) |
| Heavy drinking | 511,175 (10.6) | 22,993 (0.5) |
| Regular exercise | 2,888,587 (59.9) | 2,250,396 (46.3) |
| Lowest income (quintile) | 734,295 (15.2) | 1,148,899 (23.6) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 1,763,567 (36.6) | 1,586,082 (32.6) |
| Diabetes | 699,665 (14.5) | 436,326 (10.3) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1,130,658 (23.4) | 1,417,203 (29.1) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 259,908 (5.4) | 230,135 (4.7) |
| Congestive heart failure | 47,131 (1.0) | 58,550 (1.2) |
| Stroke | 102,503 (2.1) | 95,612 (2.0) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 363,256 (7.5) | 399,153 (8.2) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 7,208 (0.2) | 2,405 (0.1) |
| Thyroid disease | 70,158 (1.5) | 253,721 (5.2) |
| Anemia | 303,206 (6.3) | 825,059 (17.0) |
| Measured parameters | ||
| Hb (g/dL) | 14.8 ± 1.2 | 12.9 ± 1.2 |
| Hb (g/dL) groups (male/female) | ||
| <12/<11 | 89,525 (1.9) | 253,027 (5.2) |
| 12–12.9/11–11.9 | 213,681 (4.4) | 572,032 (11.8) |
| 13–13.9/12–12.9 | 725,279 (15.0) | 1,602,146 (33.0) |
| 14–14.9/13–13.9 | 1,475,190 (30.6) | 1,678,000 (34.5) |
| 15–15.9/14–14.9 | 1,484,460 (30.6) | 647,874 (13.3) |
| ≥16/≥15 | 835,572 (17.3) | 109,528 (2.3) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 102.5 ± 25.5 | 97.3 ± 20.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.5 ± 14.2 | 122.0 ± 15.5 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.4 ± 9.7 | 75.3 ± 9.9 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.2 ± 36.2 | 200.7 ± 37.1 |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 87.8 ± 37.8 | 87.7 ± 28.6 |
| Clinical Outcomes | ||
| New-onset atrial fibrillation | 106,322 (2.2) | 80,880 (1.7) |
| Follow-up duration (years) | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 0.8 |
Hb indicates hemoglobin.
*All the P values were <0.001 in the comparison between men and women.