a Supernatants collected from the overnight cultures of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 (CgATCC) and C. matruchotii ATCC14266 (CmATCC) were used to treat SK36 in comparison with those of C. durum ATCC33822 (CdATCC) and a Cd clinical isolate. b A clinical isolate S. sanguinis 133–79, c
S. gordonii DL1 (Sg), S. parasanguinis (Sp), S. mutans UA159 (Sm), and S. oralis J22 (So) were treated with Cd supernatants and then examined for their chain morphologies. For quantification, bacterial chain length was measured from 100 bacterial chains per one biological replicate using ImageJ software [75], and the average chain length (μm) was calculated from three biological replicates. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviations. The pictures are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bars indicate 10 μm.