Table 1.
Overview of different circulatory fluid collection sites, extraction methods, extracted volumes and the needle gauges.
| Puncture site | Procedure | Species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Posterior adductor muscle | NI: Hole in shell; 26G needle; multiple sampling; 0.5–1 mL | Rangia cuneata | (Fyhn & Costlow, 1975)8 |
| NI: Notch in shell; 23G needle; multiple sampling; 200–5500 µL | Crassostrea virginica | (Ford, 1986)50 | |
| NI: Puncture hinge joint; 22G needle; 50–200 µL | Mytilus trossulus | (Yanick & Heath, 2000)51 | |
| NI: Notch in shell with plier; 21G needle | Saccostrea glomerata | (Moreira, Browne & Coleman, 2013)52 | |
| NI: Hole in shell with dremel; 21G needle | Saccostrea glomerata | (Moreira, Browne & Coleman, 2013)52 | |
| NI: Notch in shell; 21 G needle | Mytilus edulis | (Al-Subiai, Jha, & Moody 2009)53 | |
| NI: Prise shells apart with knife; 21G needle | Mytilus edulis | (Al-Subiai, Jha, & Moody 2009)53 | |
| Anterior adductor muscle | NI: Prise shells apart; 25G needle; multiple sampling; 300–1500 µL | Elliptio complanata | (Gustafson et al., 2005)27 |
| Ventricle | I: Removal of shell; glass capillary; 30–200 µL | Rangia cuneata | (Fyhn & Costlow, 1975)8 |
| I: Removal of shell; dissecting microscope; 25G needle | Elliptio complanata | (Gustafson et al., 2005)27 | |
| Pericard | NI: Puncture hinge joint; 26G needle; 500–1000 µL | Rangia cuneata | (Fyhn & Costlow, 1975)8 |
| NI: Hole in right shell; 16G needle | Crassostrea virginica | (Friedl, Alvarez, Johnson & Gratzner., 1988)11 | |
|
Extra pallial space |
NI: Needle | Mytilus galloprovincialis | (Calvo-Iglesias et al., 2016)54 |
| NI: Through mantle tissue; no adequate volume | Elliptio complanata | (Gustafson et al., 2005)27 | |
| NI: Between shell and mantle; 8 cm needle | Mytilus edulis | (Zittier, Bock, Lannig & Portner, 2015)9 | |
| NI: Between shell and mantle; needle | Mytilus edulis | (Thomsen et al., 2010)37 | |
|
NI: Hole in shell with round dental burr; cemented glass capillary |
Mytilus edulis Mercenaria mercenaria Crassostrea virginica |
(Crenshaw, 1972)36 |
Abbreviations: I: invasive technique which is often lethal; NI: non-invasive technique (if performed correctly) not lethal and multiple sampling in time possible; G: gauges; mL: milliliters; µL: microliters; cm: centimeters.