Table 3.
Association Between Neighborhood Factors and Diabetes Control Among 2094 Primary Care Patients
| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | Model 4§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status | ||||
| Low | 0.82 (0.65–1.02) | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | 0.85 (0.68–1.09) | 0.74 (0.57–0.97)¶ |
| Medium | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) | 0.75 (0.57–0.98)¶ |
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Race | ||||
| Black | – | 0.77 (0.55–1.08) | 0.79 (0.57–1.11) | 0.78 (0.53–1.14) |
| White | – | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Insurance | ||||
| Medicaid | 1.03 (0.778–1.35) | 1.08 (0.77–1.50) | ||
| Medicare | 0.99 (0.797–1.22) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | ||
| Private | Reference | Reference | ||
| Uninsured | 0.34 (0.161–0.73)# | 0.43 (0.18–1.03) | ||
| Unknown | 1.52 (0.588–3.94) | 1.71 (0.58–5.08) | ||
| PCP years in practice‖ | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | |||
| Healthy food availability index | ||||
| Low | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) |
| Medium | 0.97 (0.79–1.18) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) |
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Race | ||||
| Black | – | 0.74 (0.54–1.03) | 0.76 (0.55–1.07) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) |
| White | – | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Insurance | ||||
| Medicaid | 1.02 (0.769–1.34) | 1.05 (0.76–1.47) | ||
| Medicare | 0.98 (0.786–1.21) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | ||
| Private | Reference | Reference | ||
| Uninsured | 0.34 (0.157–0.71)# | 0.41 (0.17–0.99)¶ | ||
| Unknown | 1.50 (0.579–3.88) | 1.62 (0.54–4.80) | ||
| PCP years in practice‖ | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | |||
| Crime | ||||
| Medium | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 0.99 (0.78–1.27) | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) |
| High | 0.76 (0.61–0.96)¶ | 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) |
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Race | ||||
| Black | – | 0.77 (0.55–1.08) | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 0.74 (0.51–1.08) |
| White | – | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Insurance | ||||
| Medicaid | 1.04 (0.791–1.38) | 1.07 (0.79–1.49) | ||
| Medicare | 1.01 (0.809–1.24) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | ||
| Private | Reference | Reference | ||
| Uninsured | 0.36 (0.166–0.76)# | 0.42 (0.17–1.03) | ||
| Unknown | 1.56 (0.602–4.05) | 1.63 (0.55–4.83) | ||
| PCP years in practice‖ | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | |||
Values in italics indicate statistical significance (¶p < 0.05, #p < 0.01, **p < 0.001)
*Model 1: neighborhood factor
†Model 2: model 1 + race + age + gender
‡Model 3: model 2 + married + BMI + smoking status + insurance + Charlson Comorbidity Index
§Model 4: model 3 + years PCP trained + PCP position + PCP gender
‖Number of years in practice since training was complete