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. 2020 Apr 15;10:157. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00157

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Copyright © 2020 Holtappels, Schader, Oettel, Podlech, Seckert, Reddehase and Lemmermann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunohistological images of liver tissue infection and infiltration by NIF-forming T cells after HvG-HCT compared to GvH-HCT. Representative 2C-IHC images of liver tissue sections are shown corresponding to the quantitative data shown in Figure 4 for the asterisk-marked observation times. (Red IHC staining) IE1 protein in nuclei of infected liver cells. (Black IHC staining) CD3ε protein expressed by T cells. (Left column) HvG-HCT. (Right column) GvH-HCT. (A1–A3 and B1–B3) low magnification overview images. Frames in day-20 images A3 and B3 demarcate regions resolved to greater detail by higher magnification in images A3* and B3*, respectively. NIF, nodular inflammatory focus. T cells in images A3 and A3* cluster around an infected cell to form a NIF that confines the infection after HvG-HCT. Note the disseminated infection and scattered T-cell infiltrates in images B3 and B3* for GvH-HCT. iHc, infected hepatocyte with a typical intranuclear inclusion body that indicates the late phase of the productive viral cycle. Bar markers: 100 μm.