Table 1.
The invasion-associated antigens of Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites involved in microarray screening.
| Stage-association | Protein | NCBI protein ID | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Merozoite-associated proteins | Apical membrane antigen (AMA)-1 | XP_001348015.1 | An important vaccine candidate that is expressed in mature stage parasites and is essential for invasion (16–19) |
| CLAG | XP_002808744.1 | A strictly conserved family which play roles in merozoite invasion and infected cell adherence (20) | |
| CLAG3.1 | XP_001351100.1 | ||
| CLAG3.2 | XP_001351099.1 | ||
| CLAG9 | XP_001352222.1 | ||
| CLAG2 | XP_001349709.1 | ||
| Erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA) 140 | XP_001349859.1 | Members of erythrocyte binding-like family (EBL) of proteins involved in tight junction formation during invasion of red blood cells and as potential vaccine candidate for malaria (21–25) | |
| EBA165 | XP_001351546.1 | ||
| EBA175 | XP_001349207.2 | ||
| EBA181 | XP_001350957.1 | ||
| Endoplasmin homolog | XP_001350620.1 | A protein with heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 domain which may serve as a molecular clamp in the binding of ligand proteins to Hsp90 (26) | |
| Merozoite capping protein 1 (MCP1) | XP_001347552.1 | A 60-kDa protein participating in merozoite invasion of erythrocytes by facilitating attachment or movement of the junction along the parasite cytoskeletal network (26) | |
| Merozoite surface protein (MSP)1 | XP_001352170.1 | GPI-anchored proteins expressed on the merozoite surface, most of which are essential for parasite survival (10, 27). MSP-1 is the most abundant protein of GPI-anchored proteins. Vaccines with MSP-1, 2 and 3 are now being tested in clinical Phase trials (28–32) | |
| MSP2 | XP_001349578.1 | ||
| MSP3 | XP_001347629.1 | ||
| MSP4 | XP_001349580.1 | ||
| MSP5 | XP_001349579.1 | ||
| MSP6 | XP_001347630.1 | ||
| MSP7.1 | XP_001350074.1 | ||
| MSP7.2 | XP_001350075.1 | ||
| MSP7.3 | XP_002809050.1 | ||
| MSP7.4 | XP_002809050.1 | ||
| MSP7.5 | XP_001350080.1 | ||
| MSP8 | XP_001351583.1 | ||
| MSP9 | XP_001350683.1 | ||
| MSP10 | XP_966190.1 | ||
| MSP11 | XP_001347636.1 | ||
| Merozoite surface protein duffy binding-like (MSPDBL) | XP_001347632.1 | A protein with Duffy binding-like (DBL) domain Localized on the merozoite surface and binding of merozoites with erythrocytes during invasion (33) | |
| Rhoptry-associated protein (RAP)1 | XP_001348275.1 | Rhoptry bulb proteins localsing to the parasite-host cell interface and rhoptry-associated protein complex facilitates the survival of the parasites (34) | |
| RAP2 | XP_002808967.1 | ||
| RAP3 | XP_001351928.1 | ||
| Mature parasite-derived proteins | Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) or | XP_001347628.1 | The antigen of a blood-stage vaccine of malaria, which is an exoantigen expressed at all stages of development in the parasite life cycle in human host (35–38). Phase Ib trial of the vaccine candidate GMZ2 with Glurp and MSP has been finished (39) |
| Histidine-rich protein (HRP) II | XP_002808743.1 | A valuable protein for diagnosis of malaria since it is produced by ring and trophozoite-stage parasites and secreted into plasma (40, 41) | |
| Mature-parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA) | XP_001351567.1 | A highly repetitive protein plays a major role in cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes by binding with erythrocyte membrane skeletal protein 4.1 (42–44) | |
| Methionine-tRNA ligase | XP_001347624.1 | A protein with Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-like domains which are involved in protein-protein interaction. The protein localizes to apicoplasts in asexual stages of parasites and play important roles on parasite growth (45, 46) | |
| P. falciparum 332 (PF332) | XP_001348162.2 | A Large protein locating on the surface of mature schizonts plays critical roles in both invasion and sequestration with the Duffy-binding-like domain (47, 48) | |
| Serine repeat antigen (SERA)5 | XP_001349586.1 | An abundant late-trophozoite and schizont stage antigen with limited polymorphism which is being tested in clinical Phase trials (49, 50) |