Table 1.
Studies included in this review.
| References | Demographic | Design of the study | Study population | Year of pregnancy | Complications of pregnancy | Post-partum follow-up time in years | Age of the women at the assessment in years | Cardiovascular outcomes assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kestenbaum et al. (10) | North America (USA) | Population-based cohort study |
N = 31,239 cases N = 92902 controls |
1987–1998 | HPD | 7.8 (mean) | 36 (mean) | Cardiovascular event |
| Sattar et al. (11) | Europe (UK) | Prospective case control |
N = 40 cases N = 40 controls |
1975–1985 | PE | 15–25 (range) | 43 (median) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Ray et al. (67) | North America (Canada) | Population-based retrospective cohort study |
N = 75380 cases N = 950885 controls |
1990–2004 | PE, HDP, PA | 8.7 (median) | Age at delivery28 (mean) Age at first CV event 38.3 (mean) |
Coronary heart disease Cerebro-vascular disease Peripheral artery disease |
| Manten et al. (12) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective case control |
N = 256 cases N = 53 controls |
NA | PE | 0.82 (mean) cases 0.48 (mean) controls |
31 (mean) cases 33 (mean) controls |
Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Berends et al. (13) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective case control |
N = 106 cases N = 106 controls |
1983–2004 | PE and FGR | 7.1 (median) | NA | Essential chronic hypertension Asymptomatic atherosclerosis |
| Valensise et al. (3) | Europe (Italy) | Prospective longitudinal case-control study |
N = 107 N = 1119 controls |
1999–2007 | PE | 1 | 34 (median) early onset PE 32 (median) late onset PE 32 (median) controls |
Essential chronic hypertension Cardiac dysfunction and remodeling |
| Edlow et al. (14) | North America (USA) | Prospective case-control study |
N = 79 cases N = 140 controls |
2006 | PE | 0.5–1 (range) | NA | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Haukkamaa et al. (15) | Europe (Finland) | Cross-sectional study |
N = 96 cases N = 489 controls |
NA | HDP | NA | 55.1 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Coronary heart disease Asymptomatic atherosclerosis |
| Lykke et al. (16) | Europe (Denmark) | Registry-based cohort study | N = 782287 cases | 1978–2007 | HDP | 14.6 (median) | NA | Essential chronic hypertension Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Heart failure Peripheral artery disease Cardiovascular risk |
| Magnussen et al. (17) | Europe (Norway) | Registry-based cohort study | N = 15065 cases | NA | HDP | 16.5 (median) | NA | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Nijdam et al. (68) | Europe (Netherlands) | Retrospective case control |
N = 35 cases N = 150 control |
2000–2007 | PE | 2.9 (mean) | NA | Essential chronic hypertension Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease |
| Smith et al. (18) | North America (Canada) | Prospective cohort |
N = 70 cases N = 70 control |
NA | PE | 1 | 30.5 (mean) | Cardiovascular risk |
| Canti et al. (19) | South America (Brazil) | Cross sectional |
N = 40 cases N = 14 controls |
NA | PE | 15.9 (mean) | 39.2 (mean) | Cardiovascular risk |
| Ben-Ami et al. (69) | Asia (Israel) | Retrospective case-control study |
N = 101 cases N = 101 controls |
NA | HDP, PA, PD, SGA, abortions | NA | 43.3 (mean) cases 41.9 (mean) controls |
Essential chronic hypertension Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral artery disease Cardiovascular event |
| Lykke et al. (70) | Denmark | Retrospective cohort study | N = 782287 | 1978–2007 | PD, SGA, HDP, PA and stillbirth | 14.8 (median) | 41.6 (mean) | Death from cardiovascular causes |
| Mongraw-Chaffin et al. (20) | California (USA) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 24 cases N = 242 controls |
1959–1967 | PE | 30 | 56 (median) | Cardiovascular risk |
| Callaway et al. (21) | Australia | Prospective cohort study |
N = 191 cases N = 1921 controls |
1981–1983 | HDP | 21 | 46.4 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Melchiorre et al. (6) | Europe (London, UK) | Prospective longitudinal case-control study |
N = 64 cases N = 78 controls |
2008–2009 | PE | Two time points: 1 and 2 years | 31 preterm PE (median) 33 term PE (median) 33.5 (median) controls |
Essential chronic hypertension Asymptomatic heart failure (stage B) |
| Andersgaard et al. (22) | Europe (Norway) | Registry-based cohort study |
N = 901 cases N = 9073 controls |
NA | PE | 25.4 (median) | 48.8 (median) | Asymptomatic atherosclerosis Cardiovascular risk |
| Bhattacharya et al. (23) | Europe (UK) | Registry-based cohort study |
N = 10917 cases N = 23937 controls |
1950–2012 | HDP | NA | NA | Essential chronic hypertension Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral artery disease Cardiovascular risk |
| Borna et al. (71) | Asia (Iran) | Retrospective case-control study |
N = 345 cases N = 345 controls |
NA | HDP | 32.2 (mean) cases 31.5 (mean) control |
58.1 (mean) cases 55.9 (mean) controls |
Coronary heart disease |
| Gastrich et al. (72) | North America (USA) | Retrospective case-control study |
N = 302 cases N = 864 controls |
1994–2009 | PE | Within 16 | NA | Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Cardiovascular event |
| Drost et al. (24) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective case-control study |
N = 339 cases N = 332 controls |
1991–2007 | PE | 10 | 38.9 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Fraser et al. (25) | Europe (UK) | Prospective cohort study | N = 2172 cases | 1991.1992 | HDP | 18 | 48 (mean) | Cardiovascular risk |
| Ray et al. (73) | North America (Canada) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 75242 cases N = 1 055 522 controls |
1992–2009 | PE, HDP, PA | 7.8 (median) | 37.8 (mean) | Heart failure C and dysrhythmias |
| Skjaerven et al. (26) | Europe (Norway) | Prospective cohort study | N = 34824 cases | 1967–2009 | PE | 25 | NA | Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Cardiovascular risk Cardiovascular event |
| Smith et al. (27) | North America (Canada) | Prospective longitudinal cohort |
N = 99 cases N = 118 control |
2003–2009 | PE | 1 time 1 3 time 2 |
30.3 (mean) time 1 30.5 (mean) time 2 |
Cardiovascular risk |
| Spaan et al. (28) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective longitudinal Cohort | N = 683 cases | 1996–2010 | PE | 0.66 | 31.4 (mean) | Cardiovascular risk |
| Mangos et al. (29) | Australia | Prospective case control |
N = 66 cases N = 35 controls |
NA | HDP | PE: 3.8 (mean) GH: 2.9 (mean) Controls: 4.3 (mean) |
PE: 37 (mean) GH: 36 (mean) Controls: 38 (mean) |
Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Drost et al. (30) | Europe (Netherlands) | Longitudinal Cohort study |
N = 689 cases N = 2703 controls |
1987–2007 | HDP | Every 5 years | 38.4 (mean) time 1 46.7 (mean) time 2 50.8 (mean) time 3 54.1 (mean) time 4 |
Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Hermes et al. (31) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective, case-control |
N = 94 cases N = 300 controls |
2005–2008 | HDP | 2.5 | As the woman was 60 years old for the extrapolation at 10-year risk Current age (34 years old) for extrapolation at 30-year risk |
Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Scholten et al. (32) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective Cohort study | N = 1297 cases | 2004–2010 | PE | 0.58 (median) | 32 (median) | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular risk |
| Van Rijn et al. (33) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 243 cases N = 374 control |
1994–2007 | PE | 0.75 (mean) | 30.5 (mean) | Cardiovascular risk |
| Kurabayashi et al. (34) | Japan | Cross–sectional |
N = 1219 cases N = 9237 controls |
2001–2007 | HDP | NA | ≥ 45 at time of survey | Essential chronic hypertension |
| NAkimuli et al. (35) | Uganda | Prospective Cohort study |
N = 64 cases N = 124 controls |
2009–2011 | PE, Eclampsia | 0.25 | 27.3 (mean) cases 24 (mean) controls |
Persistent hypertension 3 months after delivery |
| Tooher et al. (36) | Australia | Observational cohort study |
N = 7706 cases N = 64113 controls |
2006–2009 | HDP | NA | ≥ 45 years age at study | Essential chronic hypertension Cerebro-vascular disease |
| McDonald et al. (74) | North American (Canada) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 109 cases N = 218 controls |
1986–1995 | PE | 20 (median) | 49 (median) | Asymptomatic atherosclerosis |
| Watanabe et al. (75) | Asia (Japan) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 101 cases N = 1,084 controls |
NA | HDP | NA | 46.5 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Barry et al. (76) | North American (USA) | Retrospective case-control study |
N = 49 cases N = 22 controls |
2014 | PE | >8 months | 34 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Peripheral artery disease |
| Hosaka et al. (37) | Asia (Japan) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 28 cases N = 785 controls |
1994–1998 | HDP | 7 (median) | 37 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Black et al. (38) | North American (California) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 5960 cases N = 358 controls |
2005–2010 | HDP | 1 (median) | 28 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Cain et al. (77) | North American (State of Florida) | Population-based retrospective cohort study |
N = 847 cases N = 1854 controls |
2004–2007 | HDP, PA, PD, SGA | 4.9 (median) | 25 (median) | Cardiovascular event |
| Ray et al. (78) | North America (Canada) | Population-based retrospective cohort study |
N = 362 cases N = 1623 controls |
Delivery was at least 90 days preceding the index coronary artery revascularization date (1993–2012) |
PE, HDP, PA | 11.3 (mean) cases 14.2 (controls) |
44.7 (mean) controls 46.5 (mean) controls |
Death after coronary artey revascularization |
| White et al. (36) | North America (USA) | Prospective, cohort study |
N = 40 cases N = 40 controls |
1976–1982 | PE | 30 (median) | 59.5 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Coronary heart disease |
| Behrens et al. (37) | Europe (Denmark) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 23 235 cases N = 459.737 controls |
1995–2012 (first cohort) 1978–2012 (second cohort) |
HDP | 10 (mean), first cohort 20 (mean), second cohort |
30 (median) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Breetveld et al. (41) | Netherlands | Prospective longitudinal cohort study, | N = 69 cases | 2005–2007 | PE | 1 and 4 y post-partum | 32 (mean) at 1sr assessment 35 (mean) at 2nd assessment |
Asymptomatic heart failure (stage B) |
| Facca et al. (79) | South American (Brazil) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 25 cases N = 60 controls |
1976–2016 | HDP | 16 (mean) | 46 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Peripheral artery disease |
| Fatma et al. (72) | Asia (India) | Retrospectivecase control study |
N = 50 cases N = 50 controls |
NA | PE | NA | 20–45 (range) | Essential chronic hypertension Peripheral artery disease |
| Ghossein-Doha et al. (42) | Netherlands | Cross-sectional cohort study |
N = 107 cases N = 41 controls |
NA | PE | 4–10 | 36 (mean) cases 40 (mean) controls |
Asymptomatic heart failure (stage B) |
| Grandi et al. (43) | Europe (UK) | Population-based cohort study |
N = 5399 cases N = 141349 controls |
1990–2013 | HDP | 4.7 (median) | 29.5 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular event |
| Mito et al. (44) | Asia (Japan) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 25 cases N = 746 controls |
2003–2005 | HDP | 5 (median) | 40.3 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Orabona et al. (81) | Europe (Italy) | Retrospective case–control study |
N = 109 cases N = 60 controls |
2007–2013 | PE | 4 (median) | 38 (median) | Cardiac dysfunction and remodeling |
| Tooher et al. (82) | Australia | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 4387 cases N = 27262 controls |
1980–1989 | HDP | 20 (median) | 48 (median) | Essential chronic hypertension Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease |
| Wang et al. (83) | Asia (China) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 94 cases N = 1167 controls All GDM patients |
2005–2009 | HDP with GDM | 2.29 (mean) | 33 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Benschop et al. (45) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective cohort | N = 200 | 2011–2017 | Severe PE | 1 (median) | 31.6 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Bergen et al. (46) | Europea (Netherlands) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 300 cases N = 4612 controls |
NA | HDP | 6 (median) | 30 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiac dysfunction and remodeling |
| Bokslag et al. (84) | Europe (Netherlands) | Retrospective case control study |
N = 131 cases N = 56 controls |
1998–2005 | Early onset PE | 9–16 (range) | 45 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Asymptomatic heart failure (stage B) Peripheral artery disease |
| Breetveld et al. (47) | Europe (Netherlands) | Prospective case control study |
N = 67 cases N = 37 controls |
2009–2011 | PE | 5.3 (median) | 36 (median) | Asymptomatic heart failure (stage B) Peripheral artery disease |
| Chen et al. (85) | Asia (Taiwan) | Population–based retrospective cohort study |
N = 29.186 cases N = 116.744 controls |
2000–2013 | HDP | 5.72 (mean) | NA | Heart failure |
| Cho et al. (86) | Asia (Korea) | Retrospective observational cohort study |
N = 148 cases N = 1762 controls |
2004 | PE | 8 (mean) | NA | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Clemmensen et al. (48) | Europe (Denmark) | Observational cohort study |
N = 53 cases N = 40 controls |
1998–2008 | PE | 12 (median) | 41 (mean) | Coronary flow velocity reserve |
| Ditisheim et al. (49) | European (Switzerland) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 115 cases N = 41 controls |
2010–2013 | PE | 0.11–0.23 (range) | 33.7 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Dunietz et al. (87) | North American (USA) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 301 cases N = 366 controls |
1998–2004 | HDP | 11 (mean) | 38 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Egeland et al. (50) | Europe (Norway) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 1480 cases N = 58.547 controls |
2004–2009 | HDP, pre-gestational DM, GDM, PD, FGR | 7.1 (mean) | NA | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Escouto et al. (51) | Europe (UK) | Prospective longitudinal cohort study |
N = 412 cases N = 65 controls |
2009–2013 | HDP | 0.13 (median) | 29.6 (mean) | Cardiovascular risk |
| Fossum et al. (88) | Europe (Norway Netherlands) | Population based retrospective cohort study |
N = 13.348 cases N = 164.883 controls |
1967–1998 | HDP | 18 (mean) | 41 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Grandi et al. (52) | North American (Canada) | Population-basedprospective cohort study |
N = 5399 cases N = 141,349 controls |
1999–2015 | HDP | 5 (median) | 29.5 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular event |
| Hauspurg et al. (53) | North American (USA) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 61 cases N = 254 controls |
NA | HDP | 0.58 (mean) | 23,9 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Jarvie et al. (89) | North American (USA) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 108.875 cases N = 1.344.051controls |
2004–2010 | HDP | 3 (median) | 27.2 (mean) | Acute myocardial infarction Stroke Heart failure |
| Kuo et al. (90) | Asia (Taiwan) | Retrospective longitudinal study |
N = 1295 cases N = 5180 controls |
1996–2010 | PE or Eclampsia | 9.8 (median) | 30 (median) | Essential chronic hypertension Heart failure Cerebro-vascular disease |
| Markovitz et al. (54) | Europe (Norway) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 7936 cases N = 18608 controls |
1967–2008 | HDP, SGA, PD | 8.2 (median) | 52 (median) | Cardiovascular event |
| Riise et al. (55) | Europe (Norway) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 41 434 cases N = 576155 controls |
1980–2009 | HDP, SGA, PD | 14.3 (median) | NA | Coronary heart disease Cerebro-vascular disease Cardiovascular event |
| Soma-Pillay et al. (56) | Africa (South African) | Prospective, case control study |
N = 96 cases N = 45 controls |
2013–2015 | PE | 1 (median) | 28 (mean) | Cardiac dysfunction and remodeling |
| Stuart et al. (57) | North American (USA) | Observational cohort study |
N = 5386 cases N = 53274 controls |
1989–2009 | HDP | 28 (median) | 55 (mean) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Theilen et al. (91) | North American (USA) | Retrospective cohort study |
N = 57,384 cases N = 114,768 controls N = 4722 cases deceased N = 7172 controls deceased |
1939–2012 | HDP | cause of death for deaths occurring at age ≤50 years vs. age >50 years | NA (mean age at childbirth 26) | Coronary heart disease Cerebro-vascular disease |
| Timpka et al. (58) | Europe (Sweden) | Prospective cohort study | Cohort 1 N = 952 cases N = 6600 controls Cohort 2 N = 658 cases N = 4702 controls |
1955–1997 | HDP, LBW offspring (<2500 g) | 20 (median) | 50 (mean) Cohort 1 60 (mean) Cohort 2 |
Cardiovascular risk |
| Zoet et al. (59) | Europe (Netherlands) | Multicenter, prospective cohort study |
N = 164 Cases N = 387 Controls |
NA | HDP | 10–20 (range) | 48.4 (mean) | Asymptomatic atherosclerosis |
| Akhter et al. (60) | Europe (Sweden) | Case control study |
N = 23 cases N = 35 controls |
2008–2011 | PE | 7 | 39 (median) | Asymptomatic atherosclerosis |
| Clemmensen et al. (61) | Europe (Denmark) | Case control study |
N = 49 cases N = 39 controls |
1998–2008 | PE | 12 (median) | 41.5 (mean) | Coronary heart disease |
| Haug et al. (62) | Europe (Norway) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 2119 cases N = 21766 controls |
1984–2008 | HDP | 18 (median) | 49 (mean) | Cerebro-vascular disease Coronary heart disease |
| Hromadnikova et al. (63) | Europe (Czech Republic) | Prospective cohort study |
N = 186 cases N = 90 controls |
2007–2013 | HDP, FGR | 5.4 (mean) | 38 (median) | Essential chronic hypertension Cardiovascular event |
| Groenhof et al. (64) | Europe (Netherlands) | Population-based cohort study |
N = 1005 cases N = 1811 controls |
1997–2012 | HDP | 15 (median) | 48.6 (median) | Essential chronic hypertension |
| Orabona et al. (92) | Europe (Italy) | Retrospective Case control study |
N = 60 cases N = 30 controls |
2009–2013 | PE | 2.35 (mean) | 37 (mean) | Cardiac dysfunction and remodeling |
| Riise et al. (65) | Europe (Norway) | Population-based prospective cohort study |
N = 1246 cases N = 18829 controls |
1980–2003 | HDP | 10.7 (mean) | 37.2 (mean) | Cerebro-vascular disease Coronary heart disease Cardiovascular risk Cardiovascular event |
| Sia et al. (93) | North American (Canada) | Retrospective case control study |
N = 244 cases (Coronary artery disease) N = 246 controls |
NA | HDP | NA | NA | Coronary heart disease |
| Timokhina et al. (66) | Russia | Prospective observational case-control |
N = 90 cases N = 55 controls |
2012–2015 | PE | 0,17 (mean) time 1 0,5 (mean) time 2 |
31,7 (median) | Cardiac dysfunction and remodeling |
NA, not available; PE, pre-eclampsia; FGR, fetal growth restriction; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; SGA, small for gestational age; LBW, low birth weigth; PD, preterm delivery; PA, placental abruption; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.