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. 2020 Apr 15;10:155. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00155

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Copyright © 2020 Hu, Pan, Cheng, Zhang, Wang, Chen, Zhu, Liu, Yang, Wu, Zhao, Huang, Zhang, Mao, Ou, Yu, Zhang, Liu, Tian, Pan, Rehman, Yin and Jia.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Expression of immune-related genes in the spleens of ducks infected with DTMUV in the absence or presence of either Rapa, 3-MA, or CQ, respectively. (A) The mRNA levels of PRRs, including RIG-I, MDA5, and TLR3. (B) The mRNA levels of IFNs, including IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ. (C) The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8. Treatment with saline was used as the control. Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations (n = 5). Differences were evaluated with Two-tailed Student's t-test. ^#p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.