Table 1.
Sample characteristics for the total sample (N = 140) and separated by country.
| Total n (%) or M (SD) | Macedonia n (%) or M (SD) | Moldova n (%) or M (SD) | Romania n (%) or M (SD) | p-valuesb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child age | 5.8 (2.0) | 5.7 (1.8) | 6.3 (2.1) | 5.5 (2.1) | 0.169 |
| Child gender (female) | 77 (55.0) | 26 (52.0) | 26 (60.5) | 25 (53.2) | 0.683 |
| Parent age | 35.3 (7.5) | 36.7 (4.3) | 34.3 (7.5) | 34.6 (9.8) | 0.222 |
| Parent gender (female) | 137 (97.9) | 47 (94.0) | 43 (100) | 47 (100) | 0.063 |
| Education level (no university/college) | 68 (48.6) | 18 (36.0) | 15 (34.9) | 35 (74.5) | <0.001 |
| Literacy level (cannot/only read with difficulty) | 32 (22.9) | 6 (12.0) | 4 (9.3) | 22 (46.8) | <0.001 |
| Number of children living in the household | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.7) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.6 (1.7) | 0.109 |
| Harsh parenting—physical (yes) | 99 (70.7) | 36 (72.0) | 32 (74.4) | 31 (66.0) | 0.658 |
| Harsh parenting—emotional (yes) | 133 (95.0) | 49 (98.0) | 41 (95.3) | 43 (91.5) | 0.337 |
| Harsh parenting—neglect (yes) | 31 (22.1) | 11 (22.0) | 7 (16.3) | 13 (27.7) | 0.430 |
| Intimate partner violence (IPV)—Victimizationa | 5.9 (11.5) | 5.3 (8.4) | 5.1 (9.1) | 7.2 (15.5) | 0.657 |
| Intimate partner violence (IPV)—Perpetrationa | 4.6 (7.0) | 4.0 (6.2) | 3.6 (4.4) | 6.2 (9.1) | 0.192 |
| WHO 5 well-being | 53.1 (18.9) | 50.3 (15.4) | 54.9 (21.2) | 54.3 (20.2) | 0.442 |
| DASS | 31.0 (19.4) | 29.8 (18.5) | 32.6 (19.5) | 30.8 (20.4) | 0.789 |
| FAD | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.5) | 0.007 |
| MOS Social Support | 3.6 (1.1) | 4.0 (0.6) | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.2) | <0.001 |