Table 3.
Univariate relationships between the experience of hunger (i.e., at least one form of hunger in the past month) and risk factors (N = 140).
| Experience of hunger Yes M ± SD or count | Experience of hunger No M ± SD or count | p-value | OR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child age | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 5.7 ± 2.0 | 0.302 | |
| Parent age | 33.8 ± 8.2 | 36.0 ± 7.2 | 0.108 | |
| Number of children living in the household | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | |
| WHO 5 well-being | 45.9 ± 18.1 | 56.3 ± 18.5 | 0.002 | |
| DASS | 42.0 ± 19.6 | 26.0 ± 17.1 | <0.001 | |
| FAD | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 0.008 | |
| MOS Social Support | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | |
| IPV—Victimizationa | 10.7 ± 16.9 | 3.7 ± 6.9 | 0.004 | |
| IPV—Perpetrationa | 8.5 ± 10.4 | 2.8 ± 3.5 | 0.012 | |
| Child gender | 0.770 | 0.9 | ||
| Female | 25 | 52 | ||
| Male | 19 | 44 | ||
| Education level | <0.001 | 13.0 | ||
| Less than university/college | 39 | 29 | ||
| University/college | 5 | 67 | ||
| Literacy level | <0.001 | 21.5 | ||
| Cannot/only read with difficulty | 26 | 6 | ||
| Can read easily | 18 | 90 | ||
| Harsh parenting—physical | 0.213 | 0.6 | ||
| No previous abuse | 16 | 25 | ||
| Previous abuse | 28 | 71 | ||
| Harsh parenting—emotional | 0.316* | 2.9 | ||
| No previous abuse | 1 | 6 | ||
| Previous abuse | 43 | 90 | ||
| Harsh parenting—neglect | 0.006 | 3.1 | ||
| No previous abuse | 28 | 81 | ||
| Previous abuse | 16 | 15 |
*
For one or more cells the expected count is <5.
a
n = 123 because not all parents were in a relationship.
OR, Odds ratio; DASS, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (63); FAD, Family Assessment Device Short Form (67); MOS Social Support, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey (64); IPV, intimate partner violence.
Country differences were tested with Independent Samples T-test for normally distributed continuous variables, Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and chi-square test for categorical variables.