Table 2. Continuous Pulse Oximetry Use in Patients With Bronchiolitis Not Receiving Any Supplemental Oxygen or Nasal Cannula Flow.
| Variable | No. of patients continuously monitored with pulse oximetry/total No. (%) | Unadjusted | Adjustedb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) for use of continuous pulse oximetry | P value | OR (95% CI) for use of continuous pulse oximetry | P value | ||||
| Category | Compositea | Category | Compositea | ||||
| Overall (n = 56 hospitals) | 1679/3612 (46) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Agec | .11 | <.001 | |||||
| 8 wk-5 mo | |||||||
| Preterm | 103/183 (56) | 1.78 (1.12-2.83) | .02 | 2.58 (1.65-4.02) | <.001 | ||
| Not preterm | 758/1559 (49) | 1.31 (1.03-1.66) | .03 | 1.51 (1.12-2.03) | .007 | ||
| 6-11 mo | |||||||
| Preterm | 47/107 (44) | 1.08 (0.74-1.59) | .68 | 1.21 (0.72-2.05) | .48 | ||
| Not preterm | 402/894 (45) | 1.13 (0.89-1.43) | .31 | .14 | |||
| 12-17 mo | |||||||
| Preterm | 20/48 (42) | 0.99 (0.52-1.86) | .97 | 0.77 (0.38-1.58) | .48 | ||
| Not preterm | 219/512 (43) | 1.03 (0.74-1.45) | .85 | 1.01 (0.72-1.42) | .95 | ||
| 18-23 mo | |||||||
| Preterm | 10/23 (43) | 1.06 (0.46-2.47) | .89 | 0.50 (0.18-1.37) | .18 | ||
| Not preterm | 120/286 (42) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Sex | .52 | Not includedb | |||||
| Male | 977/2125 (46) | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Female | 702/1485 (47) | 1.05 (0.90-1.23) | .52 | ||||
| Raced | .61 | Not includedb | |||||
| White | 938/2034 (46) | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Other | 502/1025 (49) | 1.12 (0.82-1.53) | .47 | ||||
| Black or African American | 239/553 (43) | 0.90 (0.62-1.28) | .53 | ||||
| Ethnicityd | .11 | Not includedb | |||||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 1088/2454 (44) | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 410/766 (54) | 1.45 (1.05-1.98) | .02 | ||||
| Unknown | 123/259 (48) | 1.14 (0.77-1.68) | .53 | ||||
| Other | 58/133 (44) | 0.97 (0.62-1.51) | .90 | ||||
| Time since weaning from supplemental oxygen or flow, he | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| Never received | 442/1190 (37) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| <1 | 59/80 (74) | 4.75 (1.90-11.93) | .001 | 5.01 (2.76-9.07) | <.001 | ||
| 1-<2 | 108/148 (73) | 4.57 (2.50-8.35) | <.001 | 5.97 (3.84-9.30) | <.001 | ||
| 2-<4 | 166/244 (68) | 3.60 (2.31-5.61) | <.001 | 5.55 (3.91-7.89) | <.001 | ||
| 4-<6 | 135/234 (58) | 2.31 (1.49-3.58) | <.001 | 2.96 (2.13-4.13) | <.001 | ||
| 6-<12 | 276/505 (55) | 2.04 (1.42-2.93) | <.001 | 2.12 (1.65-2.72) | <.001 | ||
| 12-<24 | 302/687 (44) | 1.33 (0.98-1.80) | .07 | 1.16 (0.93-1.45) | .20 | ||
| ≥24 | 179/499 (36) | 0.95 (0.68-1-31) | .74 | 0.75 (0.58-0.97) | .03 | ||
| Intensive care unit stay during present hospitalization | .54 | Not includedb | |||||
| Yes | 424/884 (48) | 1.08 (0.84-1.39) | .54 | ||||
| No | 1255/2728 (46) | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Apnea or cyanosisf | .02 | .04 | |||||
| Yes | 128/235 (54) | 1.41 (1.07-1.86) | .02 | 1.40 (1.01-1.93) | .04 | ||
| No | 1551/3377 (46) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Comorbid condition associated with neurologic impairmentg | .08 | .10 | |||||
| Yes | 51/93 (55) | 1.41 (0.96-2.06) | .08 | 1.50 (0.93-2.43) | .10 | ||
| No | 1628/3519 (46) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Enteral feeding tube in placeh | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| Yes | 176/305 (58) | 1.64 (1.23-2.17) | <.001 | 1.98 (1.46-2.67) | <.001 | ||
| No | 1503/3307 (45) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Hospital type | .58 | Not includedb | |||||
| Freestanding children’s hospital (n = 33) | 1198/2667 (45) | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Children's hospital within hospital (n = 14) | 317/591 (54) | 1.42 (0.74-2.73) | .29 | ||||
| Community hospital (n = 9) | 164/354 (46) | 1.06 (0.55-2.02) | .86 | ||||
| Time of day observation performed | <.001 | <.001 | |||||
| Day (10 am to 5 pm) | 870/2073 (42) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||
| Night (11 pm to 7 am) | 809/1539 (53) | 1.53 (1.27-1.85) | <.001 | 2.07 (1.76-2.43) | <.001 | ||
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
In variables with multiple categories, composite P value was obtained using the Wald test.
The following variables met the prespecified criteria to be included in the multivariable model: age and gestational age category, time since weaning from supplemental oxygen or flow, apnea or cyanosis, comorbid condition associated with neurologic impairment, enteral feeding tube, and time of day observation was performed. Ethnicity met initial criteria to enter the model based on having a bivariable association composite P value less than .20 but was eliminated from the multivariable model for a composite P value of .34.
Not preterm included the following: documented gestational age 34 0/7 weeks and above, absence of gestational age but documented as full term, or absence of gestational age but not labeled in chart as preterm or premature.
Patient family-reported race and ethnicity were abstracted from charts in categories defined by the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, in compliance with National Institutes of Health inclusion reporting policies. In this Table, “other” race includes all of the following categories: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, specified as more than one race, specified as other, and specified as unknown.
Individuals with unknown time since weaning (n = 25) are not included.
Includes documentation of apnea or cyanosis occurring at home or in the hospital during the present illness.
Static encephalopathy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, spina bifida, epilepsy/seizure disorder, or hypotonia.
Nasogastric or gastrostomy.