Figure 1.

Graphical diagram of the polyphenol biosynthetic pathway (adapted from André et al. [20], Mahesh et al. [21], Albert et al. [22]; Reproduced with permission from [20,21,22]), where, PAL: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, C4H: cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, 4CL: 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, HCT: hydroxycinnamoyl CoA shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, CAD: cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, HQT: hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, CHS: chalcone synthase, CCR: cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, CHI: chalcone isomerase, DFR: dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, FS: flavone synthase, C3H: p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, F3H: flavanone 3-hydroxylase, IFS: isoflavone synthase, F3′H: flavonoid 3′ hydroxylase, IFR: isoflavone reductase, FLS: flavonol synthase, LCR: leucocyanidin reductase, and ANS: anthocyanidin synthase.