Table 1.

Galectin-3 expression in various diseases and potential use as clinical biomarkers.

	Diseases	Usage of Biomarker	Potential Use as Biomarkers	Refs.
Heart disease	acute heart failure	plasma level	combination with natriuretic peptide	[62]
	acute heart failure	plasma level	promising prognostic marker	[63]
	chronic heart failure	plasma level	useful in HF patients with preserved LVEF	[64]
	chronic heart failure	myocardial and plasma level	not associated with histology	[65]
	acute myocardial infarction	serum level	no definite relationship with ventricular remodeling	[66]
Nervous system diseases	myelin degeneration	tissues	activation of the phagocytosis of degenerated myelin	[42]
	intracerebral hemorrhage	plasma level	prognostic predictor	[67]
	subarachnoid hemorrhage	plasma level	prognostic predictor	[68]
	global brain ischemia	cerebrospinal fluid	prognostic marker and inflammatory mediator	[69]
Renal disease	CKD	plasma level	associated with progression of CKD	[25]
	SLE nephritis	serum and biopsy specimens	associated with SLE patients, particularly in SLE nephritis	[70]
Liver disease	liver fibrosis	serum Gal-3 related binding protein	assessing liver fibrosis	[71]
Connective tissue diseases	rheumatoid arthritis	serum level	increased in early rheumatoid arthritis	[72]
	SLE	serum anti-Gal-3 antibody	a key role in SLE skin lesions	[73]
	systemic sclerosis	serum level	predictor of mortality	[74]
Neoplasms	colorectal cancer	serum and tissues	related to tumor progression	[52]
	breast cancer	human cell lines	important factor for treatment	[75]
	non-small cell lung cancer	tumor expression	promotion of invasion and metastasis	[76]
	lung and prostate cancers	tumor expression	therapeutic target of tumor immunity	[77]
	cervical cancer	tumor expression	targets of multifunctional cancer treatment	[78]
	thyroid cancer	tumor expression	diagnostic marker	[79]