Table 3.

General characteristics of the different fabrication methods.

Method	Biological Applications	Advantage	Limitation	In Vivo Recapitulation Strength
Templating	Permeability, angiogenesis, physical factors	Ease of use, round channel geometry	Minimal diameter, simple architecture	Low
Layer-by-layer composition	Perfusion, permeability	Large 3D networks	Alignment, channel geometry	Low
3D printing sacrificial template	Perfusion, remodelling	Round channel geometry	Complex print planning required	Medium
Laser ablation	Perfusion	High resolution and control	Needed equipment, fabrication time	Medium
3D printing cell/matrix mixture	Tissue engineering, perfusion	Biologically active	Less control over geometry, complex printing setup	High
Angiogenesis-based platforms	Angiogenesis, remodelling, perfusion, permeability	Close to in vivo vessels in anatomy and function	Less control over geometry, results depending on configuration and not always directly translational to in vivo	High
Vasculogenesis-based platforms	Vasculogenesis, remodelling, perfusion, permeability	Close to in vivo vessels in anatomy and function	Complex concert of factors needed, making individual components hard to investigate	High