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. 2020 Mar 13;10(3):453. doi: 10.3390/biom10030453

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT) in human placental development at the fetal–maternal interface. When CTBs differentiate in EVTs, they undergo EMT and invade the decidua. E-cadherin expression is decreased and EMT transcription factors are upregulated. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and lysyl oxidases also need to be activated. Then, the EVTs (both endovascular and intramural) undergo MEndT during the arterial remodelling of the maternal spiral artery. The expression profile of these pseudo-ECs is characterized by upregulation of the vascular markers vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; CD31), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), α4 integrin, and αvβ3 integrin.