Figure 1.

Hcy activates microglia in retina and brain. Microglia activation in retinal flat-mounts of cbs^−/−, cbs^+/− mice and brains of cbs^−/− and cbs^+/− mice (A) RPE flat-mount (B) inner retinal flat-mount, and (C) brain frozen sections compared to cbs^+/+ mice. Iba1 microglia marker (green) shows quiescent ramified microglia in cbs^+/+ and rod-like microglia devoid of branching processes stains for both Iba1 and isolectin-B4 (white arrows, yellow stain) in the cbs^−/− and cbs^+/– retinas and brains indicating microglia activation. In addition, Hcy activated microglia (green) in the retinal section from normal wild type mice injected intravitreal with Hcy (D). Samples were representative to at least three mice for each immuno-fluorescence (IF) experiment. Scale bars: 20, 20, 50, and 20 μm, respectively. Abbreviations: GCL = ganglion cell layer, INL = inner nuclear layer, ONL = outer nuclear layer.