Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease that involves a wide range of genetic and environmental factors. The hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF4A) carries out hepatic gluconeogenesis regulation and insulin secretion crucially, and the corresponding gene was shown to be linked to T2DM in several studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between HNF4A genetic variants (rs1884613 and rs1884614) and T2DM risk in a group of Iranian patients. This case-control study included 100 patients with T2DM and 100 control subjects. Genotyping of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1884613 and rs1884614) of HNF4A was performed using the sequencing method. There was no statistically significant difference for allele and genotype distribution of the HNF4A common variants (rs1884613 and rs1884614) between subjects with and without T2DM (P=0.9 and P=0.9, respectively). Regarding diabetic complications, although the presence of mentioned polymorphisms increased the odds of developing ophthalmic complications and reduction of the odds of renal complications among diabetic patients, the mentioned risk was non- significant and cannot be generalized to the whole population. It seems that rs1884613 and rs1884614 polymorphisms are not associated with T2DM or its renal and ophthalmic complications. To investigate the precise influence of these polymorphisms, prospective cohorts with larger sample sizes are required.
Key Words: T2DM, T2DM complication, HNF4A, gene, sequencing
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic disorder which results from the genetic and environmental factors. Micro and macrovascular complications may be associated with T2DM (1). It was estimated that in 2015, 415 million people were suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D) worldwide, which will have risen to 642 million people by 2040 (2).
From pathological point of view, T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β cell dysfunction (3). Previous similar studies of T2DM in various ethnic populations have demonstrated the association of some genetic variants and β cell dysfunction (4).
The hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4-A) as a highly conserved transcription factor is expressed in the pancreatic beta cells and many other tissues (5), and plays a pivotal role in the islet beta and liver cells in order to maintain the glucose hemostasis (6). HNF4-A extends 29 kb on chromosome 20q13.1-13.2 (7),and includes two distinct promoters, the p1 and p2, with the latter one being located ~ 46 kb downstream of the first one (8-10). HNF4-A has been introduced as an important gene in T2DM risk in many studies (11, 12). Also, connection between haplotype of p2 promoter variants of HNF4-A and T2DM risk hasbeen recognized in several populations, suggesting that the p2 promoter region may represent a susceptibility locus for T2DM risk (13). The aim of the present study was to assess possible association between HNF4-A (rs1884613 and rs1884614) polymorphisms with the risk of T2DM and related complications including retinopathy and nephropathy in a group of Iranian patients for the first time.
Materials and methods
Patient’s characteristics
A case-control study including 200 Iranian subjects comprising 100 T2DM patients (cases) and 100 non-diabetic subjects (control) was carried out. Cases were diagnosed strictly according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards criteria (14). Control group included individuals without diabetes that were evaluated according to the components of the diabetes evaluation of ADA guideline (14). Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects before participation and this study was performed in accordance with the
ethical code IR.IAU.TMU.REC.1395.21.
Genotyping
Genomic DNA was extracted from samples collected in tubes containing EDTA using the standard protocol (15). For HNF4A rs1884613 and rs1884614 genotyping, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification method followed by sequencing was used. Specific primers for the PCR were designed using the primer 3 online primer designer. DNA sequences of primers were 5’-TCTCATAACAGTCAACCAGTTTCTG-3’ and 3’-AGGCAGAGATAGAACGGACAG-5’ for both rs1884613 and rs1884614 from HNF4A gene. PCR amplification was carried in 32.8 μl final reaction containing 15 μl dH2O, 15 μl Red Master Mix (Amplicon, UK), 1.5 μl from each of forward and reverse primers (10 pMole/μl) and finally added 1μl DNA template. The cycling conditions were as follows:an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 95°C, 40 s at 60°C and 40 s at 74°C, with a final incubation at 74°C for 5 min. PCR products were separated on a 2% agarose gel, and the quality was confirmed. Sanger sequencing method was used for detection of the HNF4A genetic variants (Fig. 1 a and b).
Fig. 1.
Representative Sanger sequencing results.Upper panel:rs1884613 genotypes: CC, CG and GG;lower panel:rs1884614 genotypes: CC, CT, TT
Statistical analysis
Frequencies of genotypes /alleles of polymorphisms were compared between patients and control group as well as between patients with and without complications using the Chi- square test. The associations between these genotypes/ alleles and T2DM or its complications were analyzed using logistic regression models. Stata 14 software was used for data analysis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
200 subjects including 100 T2DM patients and 100 healthy individuals were recruited. Of them, 61 (30.5%) were male. Their mean (SD) age was 48.49 (17.71) years. Patients with T2DM and control subjects had the same gender distribution and were also significantly older than healthy individuals (table 1).
Table 1.
Distribution of different factors among subjects with and without T2DM
| Factors |
Normal subjects
(N = 100) |
T2DM
(N = 100) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (Female) N (%) |
71 (%71) | 68 (%61) | 0.6 |
| Age (year) (Mean±SD) |
34.01±14.23 | 58.29±12.30 | 0.0001٭ |
| BMI (Kg/m2) (Mean±SD) |
23.73±3.48 | 28.84±7.91 | 0.01 |
As shown in table 2, the frequencies of CC, CG, and GG genotypes for rs1884613 polymorphism located in the HNF4A P2 promoter were 61, 34, and 5% in the T2DM patients and 61, 33, and 6% in control subjects, respectively. That was also the case for CC, CT and TT genotypes of rs1884614 polymorphism.
Table 2.
Genotypes distribution of rs1884613 and rs1884614 polymorphisms between two groups, and T2DM risk of HNF4Apolymorphisms
| Genotypes |
Normal Subjects
(N = 100) |
T2DM
(N = 100) |
P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1884613 | |||||||
| CC | 61(61%) | 61 (61%) | 0.99 | 1 | - | - | - |
| CG | 33 (33%) | 34 (34%) | 1.03 | 0.56 | 1.87 | 0.9 | |
| GG | 6 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 0.83 | 0.24 | 2.87 | 0.7 | |
| rs1884614 | |||||||
| CC | 61 (61%) | 61 (61%) | 0.99 | 1 | - | - | - |
| CT | 33 (33%) | 34 (34%) | 1.03 | 0.56 | 1.87 | 0.9 | |
| TT | 6 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 0.83 | 0.24 | 2.87 | 0.7 | |
The frequencies of G allele (rs1884613) as well as T allele (rs1884614) polymorphism among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects were 28.20% vs. 29.03%, respectively. The odds ratio for diabetes mellitus for these two alleles was 0.83 which was not statistically significant (P=0.8) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Alleles distribution of rs1884613 and rs1884614 polymorphisms between two groups, and T2DM risk of HNF4Apolymorphism
| Polymorphism | Alleles | Normal Subjects | T2DM | P-value | OR (P-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1884613 | C | %77.50 | %78 | 0.9 | 1 |
| G | %29.03 | %28.20 | 0.83 (0.8) | ||
| rs1884614 | C | %77.50 | %78 | 0.9 | 1 |
| T | %29.03 | %28.20 | 0.83 (0.8) | ||
The distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of HNF4 A common variants (rs1884613 and rs1884614) in the T2DM group did not differ from those in the control group (P=0.9).
According to the results of Tables 4 and 5, diabetic patients with ophthalmic complication did not have a significantly higher frequency of rs1884613 and rs1884614 polymorphisms in comparison with complication-free patients (41.18% vs. 39.02% respectively; P=0.9). In addition, 22.22% and 41.11% of patients with and without renal complications respectively carried rs1884613 and rs1884614 polymorphisms (P=0.5). Among diabetic patients, we also found similar frequencies of these polymorphisms between patients with and without renal and ophthalmic complications.
Table 4.
Associations between rs1884613 genotypes and T2DM complications
| Genotypes |
No complication
N (%) |
Ophthalmic complication
N (%) |
P-value | OR (P-value) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC | 50 (60.98) | 10 (58.82) | 0.9 | 1 | - |
| CG+ GG | 32 (39.02) | 7 (41.18) | 1.09 (0.9) | 0.38-3.17 | |
| Genotypes |
No complication
N (%) |
Renal complication
N (%) |
P-value | OR (P-value) | 95% CI |
| CC | 53 (58.89) | 7 (77.78) | 0.5 | ||
| CG + GG | 37 (41.11) | 2 (22.22) | 0.41 (0.3) | 0.08-2.08 | |
Table 5.
Associations between rs1884614 genotypes and T2DM complications
| Genotypes |
No complication
N (%) |
Ophthalmic complication
N (%) |
P-value | OR (P-value) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC | 50 (60.98) | 10 (58.82) | 0.9 | 1 | |
| CG+ GG | 32 (39.02) | 7 (41.18) | 1.09 (0.9) | 0.38-3.17 | |
| Genotypes |
No complication
N (%) |
Renal complication
N (%) |
P-value | OR (P-value) | 95% CI |
| CC | 53 (58.89) | 7 (77.78) | 0.5 | ||
| CG + GG | 37 (41.11) | 2 (22.22) | 0.41 (0.3) | 0.08-2.08 | |
It should be noted that the above-mentioned risk or protective effects were non- significant and can’t be generalized to the whole population.
Discussion
We designed this case-control study to search the association of two variants (rs1884613 and rs1884614) of HNF4A gene withT2DM risk. In our investigation, we observed no association between HNF4A variants rs1884613 and rs1884614 and T2DM risk and also its renal and ophthalmic complications. Despite our negative results, a case-control study by Hansen et al. in the Danish population showed an association between minor T-allele of the rs1884614 with T2DM (16). Love-Gregory et al. in 2004 evaluated the associate on between SNPs, including rsl884613 and rsl884614 in the HNF4α gene and T2DM susceptibility, which revealed a close association between these SNPs and T2DM risk in German Jewish individuals (17). On the other hand, two independent studies on Ashkenazi population by Barroso et al. and Neuman et al. demonstrated that rs1884613 SNP of HNF4A gene may have an influence on susceptibility to T2DM (18, 19).
In 2005, Winckler et al. provided an updated meta-analysis with patients and control subjects from Sweden, Finland, and Canada, but their results failed to replicate an association between variants of HNF4A (rs1884613) and T2DM risk (20).
A significant association between the rs1884614and T2DM susceptibility was not reported by Hara et al. and Tokunaga et al. in two different Japanese populations(13, 21).
In addition, Chen et al. showed that no individual single nucleotide polymorphisms of HNF4A including rs1884614 were associated with T2DM risk at either allele or genotype level in the Chinese Han population (22).
Vaxillaire et al. in their study revealed that none of the SNPs (rs1884614) near the beta cell promoter P2 of HNF-4α confer an increased risk for diabetes in the French Caucasian population (23).
In 2014, Wang et al. confirmed a linkage between rs1884613 of HNF4A gene and prediabetes risk (24).
Taken together, none of these observed associations were significant. Therefore, in the present study, these two common variants (rs1884613 and rs1884614) cannot be recognized as the T2DM and related complications susceptible risk factors in a group of Iranian population. Comparing different results of this study with the other similar studies showed that the association of HNF4A gene variants with T2DM risk can be affected by ethnicity background and sample size.
To investigate the precise risk or protective influence of these polymorphisms, prospective cohorts with larger sample sizes are required to be carried out in multiple settings. It is noteworthy that in the near future personalized/precision medicine of diabetes may play an important role to provide a better understanding of diagnosis, treatment and even prevention of T2DM complications according to the genetic contextin each T2DM patient.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all diabetic patients involved in this study.
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflictof interest.
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